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	<title>Comments on: Joining up the dots II</title>
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	<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/</link>
	<description>Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made</description>
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		<title>By: Crooked Timber  &#187;   &#187; A mess of pottage</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-68094</link>
		<dc:creator>Crooked Timber  &#187;   &#187; A mess of pottage</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 Apr 2005 03:23:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-68094</guid>
		<description>[...] nating little paragraph about the Index of Economic Freedom (previously discussed here and here).  	Gerald P. O&#8217;Driscoll Jr., former editor of the annual Index of Economi [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>[...] nating little paragraph about the Index of Economic Freedom (previously discussed here and here).  Gerald P. O&#8217;Driscoll Jr., former editor of the annual Index of Economi [...]</p>
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		<title>By: snacknuts</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65574</link>
		<dc:creator>snacknuts</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2005 04:55:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65574</guid>
		<description>&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.ft.com/comment/columnists/martinwolf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;martin wolf&lt;/a&gt; came up with something similar last week...

http://news.ft.com/cms/8f7e2266-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif
http://news.ft.com/cms/8d286ff8-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif

concluding...&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;What, then, do the charts show about the link between government spending and economic performance? There is none, is the answer.&quot;

&quot;What does indeed matter is the efficiency with which money is both raised and spent. But tax levels are only one of many determinants of economic performance. Far more important are: the quality of institutions, particularly of public administration and the judiciary; the security of property; the probity and public spiritedness of politicians; the soundness of money; the quality of education, health and infrastructure; and the extent of arbitrary regulation of economic activities.&quot;

In making the decision on what to put into the public sector and how much to spend on it, we have to place substantial weight on underlying social and political values. But we must also ask, first, what we &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; do through the government (defence and law and order, for example); second, what we &lt;i&gt;want&lt;/i&gt;, for reasons of social solidarity, to do through government (provision of basic incomes for all, of universal education and of basic health services, for instance); third, whether we wish to pay for services through general taxation or user fees; fourth, what is the least costly way of raising revenue; and, finally, whether we want services to be paid for and provided by government or merely paid for by government and provided by competitive private suppliers.&quot;

&quot;What matters here, as elsewhere, is not what you do but the way that you do it.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reason.com/hitandrun/2005/03/scatter_plot_pu_1.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fwiw&lt;/a&gt; :D

cheers!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><a href="http://news.ft.com/comment/columnists/martinwolf" rel="nofollow">martin wolf</a> came up with something similar last week&#8230;</p>

	<p><a href="http://news.ft.com/cms/8f7e2266-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif" rel="nofollow">http://news.ft.com/cms/8f7e2266-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif</a><br />
<a href="http://news.ft.com/cms/8d286ff8-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif" rel="nofollow">http://news.ft.com/cms/8d286ff8-9b02-11d9-90f9-00000e2511c8.gif</a></p>

	<p>concluding&#8230;<blockquote>&#8220;What, then, do the charts show about the link between government spending and economic performance? There is none, is the answer.&#8221;</blockquote></p>

	<p>&#8220;What does indeed matter is the efficiency with which money is both raised and spent. But tax levels are only one of many determinants of economic performance. Far more important are: the quality of institutions, particularly of public administration and the judiciary; the security of property; the probity and public spiritedness of politicians; the soundness of money; the quality of education, health and infrastructure; and the extent of arbitrary regulation of economic activities.&#8221;</p>

	<p>In making the decision on what to put into the public sector and how much to spend on it, we have to place substantial weight on underlying social and political values. But we must also ask, first, what we <i>must</i> do through the government (defence and law and order, for example); second, what we <i>want</i>, for reasons of social solidarity, to do through government (provision of basic incomes for all, of universal education and of basic health services, for instance); third, whether we wish to pay for services through general taxation or user fees; fourth, what is the least costly way of raising revenue; and, finally, whether we want services to be paid for and provided by government or merely paid for by government and provided by competitive private suppliers.&#8221;</p>

	<p>&#8220;What matters here, as elsewhere, is not what you do but the way that you do it.&#8221;also <a href="http://www.reason.com/hitandrun/2005/03/scatter_plot_pu_1.shtml" rel="nofollow">fwiw</a> :D</p>

	<p>cheers!</p>
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		<title>By: Michael Mouse</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65420</link>
		<dc:creator>Michael Mouse</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 14:52:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65420</guid>
		<description>Worth noting that weak evidence of a weak correlation is no evidence of causation (still less direction of causation) at all.  

I&#039;d guess that third variables like &quot;degree of armed conflict&quot; might predict both FI and GDP better than either predict each other.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Worth noting that weak evidence of a weak correlation is no evidence of causation (still less direction of causation) at all.</p>

	<p>I&#8217;d guess that third variables like &#8220;degree of armed conflict&#8221; might predict both FI and <span class="caps">GDP</span> better than either predict each other.</p>
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		<title>By: nnyhav</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65391</link>
		<dc:creator>nnyhav</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 13:21:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65391</guid>
		<description>&gt; Best. Title. Ever.

Would have been, were it &quot;I just ran four million regressions, and all I got was this stupid t-score.&quot;
</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>> Best. Title. Ever.</p>

	<p>Would have been, were it &#8220;I just ran four million regressions, and all I got was this stupid t-score.&#8221; </p>
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		<title>By: dsquared</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65359</link>
		<dc:creator>dsquared</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 11:00:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65359</guid>
		<description>Indeed I had made a spreadsheet error, and I now reproduce results which I think are right.

Correlation between:

1999 score and growth 1999-2003: 0.14
change in score 1999-2003 and growth 1999-2003: -0.25
1999 score and growth relative to average: 0.12
change in score and growth relative to average: -0.25

Remember that lower scores mean more freedom, so the correlations between the 1999 score and 1999-03 growth have the &quot;wrong sign&quot;. I conclude that there is basically no relationship here, other than that possibly Doug is right in saying that the influence of growth on freedom seems to have a bit of explanatory power over the drift in the Freedom scores.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Indeed I had made a spreadsheet error, and I now reproduce results which I think are right.</p>

	<p>Correlation between:</p>

	<p>1999 score and growth 1999-2003: 0.14<br />
change in score 1999-2003 and growth 1999-2003: -0.25<br />
1999 score and growth relative to average: 0.12<br />
change in score and growth relative to average: -0.25</p>

	<p>Remember that lower scores mean more freedom, so the correlations between the 1999 score and 1999-03 growth have the &#8220;wrong sign&#8221;. I conclude that there is basically no relationship here, other than that possibly Doug is right in saying that the influence of growth on freedom seems to have a bit of explanatory power over the drift in the Freedom scores.</p>
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		<title>By: derrida derider</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65358</link>
		<dc:creator>derrida derider</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 11:00:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65358</guid>
		<description>When there is no a priori reason for assuming a linear relationship and normally distributed error then use of non-parametric measures (ranks, in this case) is pretty well mandatory, at least as long as you&#039;re using simple regression.

The very low rank correlation is likely to be a far better indicator of the true relation than an OLS regression (which of its nature must make strong implicit assumptions about functional forms and error structures).
</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>When there is no a priori reason for assuming a linear relationship and normally distributed error then use of non-parametric measures (ranks, in this case) is pretty well mandatory, at least as long as you&#8217;re using simple regression.</p>

	<p>The very low rank correlation is likely to be a far better indicator of the true relation than an <span class="caps">OLS</span> regression (which of its nature must make strong implicit assumptions about functional forms and error structures).</p>
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		<title>By: dsquared</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65354</link>
		<dc:creator>dsquared</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 10:41:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65354</guid>
		<description>FWIW, the correlation in Jonathan&#039;s dataset is 0.08 (ie next to no relationship) between 1999 score and 1999-2003 growth, unless I have made a spreadsheet error which I surely have.  Eyeballing the data, it&#039;s notable that the real growth stars of the period 1999-2003 were Turkmenistan, Nicaragua, Albania, Latvia and Lithuania (of which Latvia and Lithuania had better than average EF scores) while the worst performers were Argentina, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Paraguay and Brazil (of which Uruguay had a better than average score; all the rest worse).  The average for the whole sample was 3.146 (low scores good); the top quintile by growth rates was 3.425 and the bottom quintile by growth rates was 3.248.  Thus telling you that the low scores were associated with being a dull developed country in the middle of the distribution, which was pretty much free information anyway.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><span class="caps">FWIW</span>, the correlation in Jonathan&#8217;s dataset is 0.08 (ie next to no relationship) between 1999 score and 1999-2003 growth, unless I have made a spreadsheet error which I surely have.  Eyeballing the data, it&#8217;s notable that the real growth stars of the period 1999-2003 were Turkmenistan, Nicaragua, Albania, Latvia and Lithuania (of which Latvia and Lithuania had better than average EF scores) while the worst performers were Argentina, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Paraguay and Brazil (of which Uruguay had a better than average score; all the rest worse).  The average for the whole sample was 3.146 (low scores good); the top quintile by growth rates was 3.425 and the bottom quintile by growth rates was 3.248.  Thus telling you that the low scores were associated with being a dull developed country in the middle of the distribution, which was pretty much free information anyway.</p>
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		<title>By: DeadHorseBeater</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65348</link>
		<dc:creator>DeadHorseBeater</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 09:37:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65348</guid>
		<description>Yeah, I forgot about the Sala-i-Martin paper.
Best. Title. Ever.
All I could remember was this one Barro paper I once read.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Yeah, I forgot about the Sala-i-Martin paper.<br />
Best. Title. Ever.<br />
All I could remember was this one Barro paper I once read.</p>
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		<title>By: John Quiggin</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65344</link>
		<dc:creator>John Quiggin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 08:37:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65344</guid>
		<description>A particularly interesting feature of the Heritage Index is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://crookedtimber.org/2004/07/24/big-government-is-good-for-economic-freedom/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;big government is good for economic freedom&lt;/a&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>A particularly interesting feature of the Heritage Index is that <a href="http://crookedtimber.org/2004/07/24/big-government-is-good-for-economic-freedom/" rel="nofollow">big government is good for economic freedom</a></p>
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		<title>By: Travis Thomas</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65342</link>
		<dc:creator>Travis Thomas</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 08:31:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65342</guid>
		<description>This also does not take into account the level of development in these countries. China can afford a lower degree of economic freedom and still attain high economic growth because they&#039;re playing catch-up (and as the July/August 2004 Foreign Affairs article &quot;The Myth Behind China&#039;s Miracle&quot; noted) and seeing relatively little in the way of purely domestic development and instead relying on already efficient methods of production developed in freer countries (a level of efficiency that would not arise in a command economy) being imported by foreign firms.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>This also does not take into account the level of development in these countries. China can afford a lower degree of economic freedom and still attain high economic growth because they&#8217;re playing catch-up (and as the July/August 2004 Foreign Affairs article &#8220;The Myth Behind China&#8217;s Miracle&#8221; noted) and seeing relatively little in the way of purely domestic development and instead relying on already efficient methods of production developed in freer countries (a level of efficiency that would not arise in a command economy) being imported by foreign firms.</p>
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		<title>By: JStat</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65337</link>
		<dc:creator>JStat</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 08:06:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65337</guid>
		<description>The Freedom Index , like most survey data, is poor. This is primarily because you are attempting to treat the measure of a construct that is purely ideologically based into a meaningful , continuous variable from which you can derive information. For example we know that there is a real measurable difference between an individual that is 5 feet tall and one that is 6 feet tall. We also know that heights in general conform to a distribution and that probabilities can be calculated for height ranges based on the normal distribution and that if we would compare this with real data we would get similar results to the theoretical ones. But what meaningful difference is there between a country that is 5 or 4.5 on the &quot;Freedom Index&quot;, what is a .1 difference , a .2 difference? The construct itself , &quot;freedom&quot;, is one that I believe cannot be measureable mathematically (those of you who know measure theory help me out here). The more of the story is: Crap begets crap. </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>The Freedom Index , like most survey data, is poor. This is primarily because you are attempting to treat the measure of a construct that is purely ideologically based into a meaningful , continuous variable from which you can derive information. For example we know that there is a real measurable difference between an individual that is 5 feet tall and one that is 6 feet tall. We also know that heights in general conform to a distribution and that probabilities can be calculated for height ranges based on the normal distribution and that if we would compare this with real data we would get similar results to the theoretical ones. But what meaningful difference is there between a country that is 5 or 4.5 on the &#8220;Freedom Index&#8221;, what is a .1 difference , a .2 difference? The construct itself , &#8220;freedom&#8221;, is one that I believe cannot be measureable mathematically (those of you who know measure theory help me out here). The more of the story is: Crap begets crap.</p>
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		<title>By: Jonathan Dursi</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65329</link>
		<dc:creator>Jonathan Dursi</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 06:40:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65329</guid>
		<description>Ok, well, my sense of fun runs that way, so I did what I could and the data is at http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.txt .  From the free worldbank data I could only get GNI/capita (PPP) back to 1999.   I only considered those countries with freedom index data for 2005, 2003, and 1999, and GNI/capita(PPP) data for 1999-2003.    A graph of fractional change in GNI/capita (PPP) 1999-2003 compared to the mean value over that period vs. 1999 freedom index is shown at http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.png .   It&#039;s late, so it wouldn&#039;t shock me at all if I got some of the numbers wrong. </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Ok, well, my sense of fun runs that way, so I did what I could and the data is at <a href="http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.txt" rel="nofollow">http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.txt</a> .  From the free worldbank data I could only get <span class="caps">GNI</span>/capita (PPP) back to 1999.   I only considered those countries with freedom index data for 2005, 2003, and 1999, and <span class="caps">GNI</span>/capita(PPP) data for 1999-2003.    A graph of fractional change in <span class="caps">GNI</span>/capita (PPP) 1999-2003 compared to the mean value over that period vs. 1999 freedom index is shown at <a href="http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.png" rel="nofollow">http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~ljdursi/freedom-vs-gnippp.png</a> .   It&#8217;s late, so it wouldn&#8217;t shock me at all if I got some of the numbers wrong.</p>
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		<title>By: Daniel</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65321</link>
		<dc:creator>Daniel</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 05:33:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65321</guid>
		<description>I don&#039;t think the top plot looks like white noise at all; certainly less so than the LBO scatterplot.  It&#039;s got two &quot;empty corners&quot;.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>I don&#8217;t think the top plot looks like white noise at all; certainly less so than the <span class="caps">LBO</span> scatterplot.  It&#8217;s got two &#8220;empty corners&#8221;.</p>
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		<title>By: John Emerson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65319</link>
		<dc:creator>John Emerson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 05:10:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65319</guid>
		<description>Possibly if Heritage had used fewer variables (ie. removed some of their pet ideas) they would have got something more meaningful. Which I guess is the point of what the other guys were saying. </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Possibly if Heritage had used fewer variables (ie. removed some of their pet ideas) they would have got something more meaningful. Which I guess is the point of what the other guys were saying.</p>
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		<title>By: Kimon</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/comment-page-1/#comment-65311</link>
		<dc:creator>Kimon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2005 04:04:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/03/29/joining-up-the-dots-ii/#comment-65311</guid>
		<description>deadhorsebeater: That&#039;s what Sala-i-Martin did in &quot;I just ran four million regressions&quot; (NBER W6252). He found a significant correlation with a few of his variables, including &quot;rule of law&quot;, &quot;political rights&quot;, &quot;civil liberties&quot;, and &quot;degree of capitalism&quot; (all positive).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>deadhorsebeater: That&#8217;s what Sala-i-Martin did in &#8220;I just ran four million regressions&#8221; (NBER <span class="caps">W6252</span>). He found a significant correlation with a few of his variables, including &#8220;rule of law&#8221;, &#8220;political rights&#8221;, &#8220;civil liberties&#8221;, and &#8220;degree of capitalism&#8221; (all positive).</p>
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