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	<title>Comments on: Academic Freedom of Speech</title>
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	<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/</link>
	<description>Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made</description>
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		<title>By: JR</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-67049</link>
		<dc:creator>JR</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2005 02:54:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-67049</guid>
		<description>I took calculus in a class of several hundred students (meaning no interaction at all with the professor, ever).  The TA was a Chinese graduate student whose English was uncertain, to be polite.  It was impossible to get him even to understand a question, much less to provide a helpful response.  When students are paying tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars for a university education, it really is not asking too much to expect that TA&#039;s can actually talk to their students.  But universities treat TA positions as grad student financial aid, not as teaching positions.  The reason there is a proposed law on this is universities and their faculties generally have contempt for their students - as is evident from many of the above posts.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>I took calculus in a class of several hundred students (meaning no interaction at all with the professor, ever).  The TA was a Chinese graduate student whose English was uncertain, to be polite.  It was impossible to get him even to understand a question, much less to provide a helpful response.  When students are paying tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars for a university education, it really is not asking too much to expect that TA&#8217;s can actually talk to their students.  But universities treat TA positions as grad student financial aid, not as teaching positions.  The reason there is a proposed law on this is universities and their faculties generally have contempt for their students &#8211; as is evident from many of the above posts.</p>
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		<title>By: DeadHorseBeater</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66943</link>
		<dc:creator>DeadHorseBeater</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Apr 2005 06:34:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66943</guid>
		<description>Of the many reasons why university level instruction (by TAs or profs) often sucks, strong accent/bad grammar would be about #4 out of 5 on my list.
I was always able to get used to a TA or prof&#039;s accent in about 3 sections. (It also takes me the first Act of any Shakespearean play to get into the groove, so it&#039;s not a racism/xenophobia thing, just a brain-thing.)
Generally apathetic or disorganized teaching, OTOH, one never gets used to.
There&#039;s no need for a law on this.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Of the many reasons why university level instruction (by TAs or profs) often sucks, strong accent/bad grammar would be about #4 out of 5 on my list.<br />
I was always able to get used to a TA or prof&#8217;s accent in about 3 sections. (It also takes me the first Act of any Shakespearean play to get into the groove, so it&#8217;s not a racism/xenophobia thing, just a brain-thing.)<br />
Generally apathetic or disorganized teaching, <span class="caps">OTOH</span>, one never gets used to.<br />
There&#8217;s no need for a law on this.</p>
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		<title>By: Buzz</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66928</link>
		<dc:creator>Buzz</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Apr 2005 03:22:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66928</guid>
		<description>Here&#039;s where the racism (or at least xenophobia) is to be found: Why restrict the law to a concern with poor spoken English? It&#039;s not as if speaking English clearly is the only necessary skill to be a good teacher. If legislators really wanted to guarantee students a good education, they would make all kinds of bad teaching a part of the bill.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Here&#8217;s where the racism (or at least xenophobia) is to be found: Why restrict the law to a concern with poor spoken English? It&#8217;s not as if speaking English clearly is the only necessary skill to be a good teacher. If legislators really wanted to guarantee students a good education, they would make all kinds of bad teaching a part of the bill.</p>
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		<title>By: Brian Ogilvie</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66897</link>
		<dc:creator>Brian Ogilvie</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 21:22:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66897</guid>
		<description>A friend of mine, a philosopher from Beijing, failed his second-year review at a prestigious liberal arts college in New England. (Note: it is not in the town where I teach!) He landed on his feet, and now teaches at a prestigious liberal arts college in the Midwest. Though there were various reasons he failed, all of which reflect very poorly on the college, one of them was doubtless his accented English. His powers of comprehension and expression are better than those of most native speakers, but apparently some students could not get past the fact that he had an accent. (And one of his colleagues, from a different department, could not get beyond the fact - scandalous, to her - that he assigned Kant in a course on philosophy of religion.)

The real kicker? The reappointment committee allegedly told him (this is third-hand rumor, he is too upright to pass this on himself) that he did very well with bright students but not so well with mediocre ones, and this was a reason not to renew him. In his second year, four years before the tenure decision! the mind boggles....</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>A friend of mine, a philosopher from Beijing, failed his second-year review at a prestigious liberal arts college in New England. (Note: it is not in the town where I teach!) He landed on his feet, and now teaches at a prestigious liberal arts college in the Midwest. Though there were various reasons he failed, all of which reflect very poorly on the college, one of them was doubtless his accented English. His powers of comprehension and expression are better than those of most native speakers, but apparently some students could not get past the fact that he had an accent. (And one of his colleagues, from a different department, could not get beyond the fact &#8211; scandalous, to her &#8211; that he assigned Kant in a course on philosophy of religion.)</p>

	<p>The real kicker? The reappointment committee allegedly told him (this is third-hand rumor, he is too upright to pass this on himself) that he did very well with bright students but not so well with mediocre ones, and this was a reason not to renew him. In his second year, four years before the tenure decision! the mind boggles&#8230;.</p>
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		<title>By: nick</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66889</link>
		<dc:creator>nick</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 20:22:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66889</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;This might not be racism. Americans, and this is not meant to be a slur, just generally aren’t very good with accents of English other than their own.&lt;/i&gt;

This is quite true. My wife and I now have an ongoing &#039;guess the non-American accent&#039; contest, which is an attempt to ensure that she doesn&#039;t accidentally call a South African an Australian, or someone from Ireland Welsh. She&#039;s getting much better at it, though she also has trouble with some of the mountain-country accents in WNC.

(To my amusement, when the Discovery Times channel rebroadcast a Channel 4 series on the Hajj, featuring pilgrims from around the world, the only one given subtitles was from my home town, and had an accent much like my own.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><i>This might not be racism. Americans, and this is not meant to be a slur, just generally aren&#8217;t very good with accents of English other than their own.</i></p>

	<p>This is quite true. My wife and I now have an ongoing &#8216;guess the non-American accent&#8217; contest, which is an attempt to ensure that she doesn&#8217;t accidentally call a South African an Australian, or someone from Ireland Welsh. She&#8217;s getting much better at it, though she also has trouble with some of the mountain-country accents in <span class="caps">WNC</span>.</p>

	<p>(To my amusement, when the Discovery Times channel rebroadcast a Channel 4 series on the Hajj, featuring pilgrims from around the world, the only one given subtitles was from my home town, and had an accent much like my own.)</p>
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		<title>By: Matt McGrattan</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66866</link>
		<dc:creator>Matt McGrattan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 16:59:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66866</guid>
		<description>It&#039;s not often I agree with Jet but yeah, surely the issue is with competency in English.

Someone teaching, or studying, at a university in an English speaking country ought to have excellent spoken and written English. 

Accents are largely irrelevant and unless someone has a genuine speech impediment the problem is more with the listener than the speaker.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>It&#8217;s not often I agree with Jet but yeah, surely the issue is with competency in English.</p>

	<p>Someone teaching, or studying, at a university in an English speaking country ought to have excellent spoken and written English.</p>

	<p>Accents are largely irrelevant and unless someone has a genuine speech impediment the problem is more with the listener than the speaker.</p>
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		<title>By: jet</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66847</link>
		<dc:creator>jet</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 13:52:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66847</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m with Brett and Abb1 on this one.  That law sounds like total crap, just ripe for abuse, but the problem is very real.  And let me say, I had several professors that pissed me off to no end that I was paying money for their instruction.  They may have understood computer science nicely, but ask a question in a complex sentence and you&#039;d get a blank blook.  Try to understand the odd accent COUPLED with the strange placement of verbs and nouns, and then add in the complex material, and you get pissed off students receiving sub-standard instruction.  

But accents are the wrong thing to attack as professors with a poor understanding of English language structure are probably the root problem.  People bitching about accents should be slapped silly and forced to sit through a review of their complaints by the most cynical bastards to teach at that University.   </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>I&#8217;m with Brett and Abb1 on this one.  That law sounds like total crap, just ripe for abuse, but the problem is very real.  And let me say, I had several professors that pissed me off to no end that I was paying money for their instruction.  They may have understood computer science nicely, but ask a question in a complex sentence and you&#8217;d get a blank blook.  Try to understand the odd accent <span class="caps">COUPLED</span> with the strange placement of verbs and nouns, and then add in the complex material, and you get pissed off students receiving sub-standard instruction.</p>

	<p>But accents are the wrong thing to attack as professors with a poor understanding of English language structure are probably the root problem.  People bitching about accents should be slapped silly and forced to sit through a review of their complaints by the most cynical bastards to teach at that University.</p>
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		<title>By: tim</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66845</link>
		<dc:creator>tim</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 13:30:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66845</guid>
		<description>Though I find Grande&#039;s attitude towards language incredibly chauvinistic and short-sighted, I&#039;m curious if such an initiative would have ever been contemplated in other parts of the United States where there is either a higher degree of geographic mobility or a greater range of spoken English dialects.

As someone who observes the US from up north and pronounces &quot;cot&quot; and &quot;caught&quot; the same (I&#039;d better not apply to NDSU when I finish my PhD!), I can&#039;t help but wonder if Grande&#039;s proposal would have gone anywhere in, say, New York or California.

Is this a genuinely &quot;made in Fargo&quot; proposal?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Though I find Grande&#8217;s attitude towards language incredibly chauvinistic and short-sighted, I&#8217;m curious if such an initiative would have ever been contemplated in other parts of the United States where there is either a higher degree of geographic mobility or a greater range of spoken English dialects.</p>

	<p>As someone who observes the US from up north and pronounces &#8220;cot&#8221; and &#8220;caught&#8221; the same (I&#8217;d better not apply to <span class="caps">NDSU</span> when I finish my PhD!), I can&#8217;t help but wonder if Grande&#8217;s proposal would have gone anywhere in, say, New York or California.</p>

	<p>Is this a genuinely &#8220;made in Fargo&#8221; proposal?</p>
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		<title>By: Tom Doyle</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66843</link>
		<dc:creator>Tom Doyle</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 13:20:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66843</guid>
		<description>&quot;I wouldn’t take “It notes research suggesting that students in sections taught by foreign born T.A.s do worse than students in sections taught by &lt;b&gt;native Americans&lt;/b&gt;” at face value&quot;. 

Such blatant bias against native Americans is shocking and unconscionable.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>&#8220;I wouldn&#8217;t take &#8220;It notes research suggesting that students in sections taught by foreign born T.A.s do worse than students in sections taught by <b>native Americans</b>&#8221; at face value&#8221;.</p>

	<p>Such blatant bias against native Americans is shocking and unconscionable.</p>
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		<title>By: abb1</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66841</link>
		<dc:creator>abb1</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 13:04:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66841</guid>
		<description>Yeah, I&#039;m with Brett. Just last year the organization I work for paid for a bunch of us to take a computer class. The instructor was shipped from Bangalore specifically for this occasion. We could understand him fine (and he didn&#039;t have much to say anyway), but he couldn&#039;t understand our questions, unless it was a simple one-clause sentence. We had to cancel the class after a couple of days. 

The law as described sounds bad, but the problem probably is real. </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Yeah, I&#8217;m with Brett. Just last year the organization I work for paid for a bunch of us to take a computer class. The instructor was shipped from Bangalore specifically for this occasion. We could understand him fine (and he didn&#8217;t have much to say anyway), but he couldn&#8217;t understand our questions, unless it was a simple one-clause sentence. We had to cancel the class after a couple of days.</p>

	<p>The law as described sounds bad, but the problem probably is real.</p>
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		<title>By: Matt McGrattan</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66839</link>
		<dc:creator>Matt McGrattan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 12:52:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66839</guid>
		<description>&quot;I’d note that “counterintuitively” ((c) Steven Landsburg), foreign-born students had a nil effect; the effect is entirely American student/non-American teacher. So apparently Asian TAs and students speak a special pidgin English which they can understand between themselves perfectly but which is incomprehensible to natives...Or possibly, there is a little bit (ie a statistically but not practically significant amount) of racism in Harvard&quot;

This might not be racism. Americans, and this is not meant to be a slur, just generally aren&#039;t very good with accents of English other than their own. The British, no doubt in part because accents play such an important role as class-markers, seem, in my experience, to be much more attuned to accents.

You&#039;d have to compare US students being taught by non-Americans from a variety of backgrounds to make the claim that there&#039;s something racist going on... e.g. students being taught by Brits with strong regional accents or by eastern europeans or whatever.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>&#8220;I&#8217;d note that &#8220;counterintuitively&#8221; ((c) Steven Landsburg), foreign-born students had a nil effect; the effect is entirely American student/non-American teacher. So apparently Asian TAs and students speak a special pidgin English which they can understand between themselves perfectly but which is incomprehensible to natives&#8230;Or possibly, there is a little bit (ie a statistically but not practically significant amount) of racism in Harvard&#8221;</p>

	<p>This might not be racism. Americans, and this is not meant to be a slur, just generally aren&#8217;t very good with accents of English other than their own. The British, no doubt in part because accents play such an important role as class-markers, seem, in my experience, to be much more attuned to accents.</p>

	<p>You&#8217;d have to compare US students being taught by non-Americans from a variety of backgrounds to make the claim that there&#8217;s something racist going on&#8230; e.g. students being taught by Brits with strong regional accents or by eastern europeans or whatever.</p>
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		<title>By: Brett Bellmore</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66835</link>
		<dc:creator>Brett Bellmore</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 10:52:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66835</guid>
		<description>Old problem; I took Pascal back in &#039;79, and the class time was virtually useless, the teacher&#039;s Indian accent was so inpeneratable. It took two weeks of class before we could reliably understand what he was saying! 

This might seem a small matter to some, but to the proverbial starving student, it&#039;s incredibly offensive to pay good money for instruction that might as well be in a foreign language. Sure, we were able to learn from the textbooks, but we were &lt;i&gt;paying&lt;/i&gt; for the class time, too, and for all practical purposes we weren&#039;t getting it.

The bill &lt;i&gt;may&lt;/i&gt; be an over-reaction, but the problem is quite real.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Old problem; I took Pascal back in &#8216;79, and the class time was virtually useless, the teacher&#8217;s Indian accent was so inpeneratable. It took two weeks of class before we could reliably understand what he was saying!</p>

	<p>This might seem a small matter to some, but to the proverbial starving student, it&#8217;s incredibly offensive to pay good money for instruction that might as well be in a foreign language. Sure, we were able to learn from the textbooks, but we were <i>paying</i> for the class time, too, and for all practical purposes we weren&#8217;t getting it.</p>

	<p>The bill <i>may</i> be an over-reaction, but the problem is quite real.</p>
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		<title>By: dsquared</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66827</link>
		<dc:creator>dsquared</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 08:49:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66827</guid>
		<description>It looks like it&#039;s statistically significant; the sample is big and the regression is sensible meat &amp; potatoes stuff although I daresay you could find some genius of the qualitative variables to criticise it.

I&#039;d note that &quot;counterintuitively&quot; ((c) Steven Landsburg), foreign-born students had a nil effect; the effect is entirely American student/non-American teacher.  So apparently Asian TAs and students speak a special pidgin English which they can understand between themselves perfectly but which is incomprehensible to natives.  Or possibly, there is a little bit (ie a statistically but not practically significant amount) of racism in Harvard, whereby students refuse to learn from brown people put in a position of authority over them.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>It looks like it&#8217;s statistically significant; the sample is big and the regression is sensible meat &#038; potatoes stuff although I daresay you could find some genius of the qualitative variables to criticise it.</p>

	<p>I&#8217;d note that &#8220;counterintuitively&#8221; ((c) Steven Landsburg), foreign-born students had a nil effect; the effect is entirely American student/non-American teacher.  So apparently Asian TAs and students speak a special pidgin English which they can understand between themselves perfectly but which is incomprehensible to natives.  Or possibly, there is a little bit (ie a statistically but not practically significant amount) of racism in Harvard, whereby students refuse to learn from brown people put in a position of authority over them.</p>
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		<title>By: Andrew</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66826</link>
		<dc:creator>Andrew</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 08:31:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66826</guid>
		<description>haha d^2. imagine reading the material before class!
Is .2 out of 4 statistically significant if the sample is &quot;the subset ... that provided the relevant data&quot; out of 75% of 309 voluntary questionaires? I&#039;m not sure of the stats, but hey, I&#039;m a computer scientist so what do we know outside the absolutes... But somehow I doubt my Australian English resulted in lower scores for my students.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>haha d^2. imagine reading the material before class!<br />
Is .2 out of 4 statistically significant if the sample is &#8220;the subset &#8230; that provided the relevant data&#8221; out of 75% of 309 voluntary questionaires? I&#8217;m not sure of the stats, but hey, I&#8217;m a computer scientist so what do we know outside the absolutes&#8230; But somehow I doubt my Australian English resulted in lower scores for my students.</p>
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		<title>By: dsquared</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/comment-page-1/#comment-66824</link>
		<dc:creator>dsquared</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2005 07:18:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2005/04/07/academic-freedom-of-speech/#comment-66824</guid>
		<description>Oh I love that article.

&lt;i&gt;Mr. Hacker says he has taken several classes where the instructor&#039;s accented English was difficult to comprehend. &quot;There were days when I would go home and have to study the material that they had taught, for the simple reason that I couldn&#039;t understand the things that came out of their mouth,&quot;&lt;/i&gt;

Forced to &lt;i&gt;go home and study the material&lt;/i&gt;!  Heavens above what&#039;s the world coming to!  Somebody spoon-feed poor little diddums, quick!

Btw, I wouldn&#039;t take &quot;It notes research suggesting that students in sections taught by foreign born T.A.s do worse than students in sections taught by native Americans&quot; at face value[1].  Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~GBorjas/Papers/Foreign-Born_Teaching_Assistants.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Borjas paper&lt;/a&gt;, we&#039;re talking about a difference of 0.2 points on a 4-point scale with an average of 3.15.  The phrase &quot;statistically but not practically significant&quot; definitely comes to mind; this is a good example of the sort of thing Deirdre McCloskey doesn&#039;t like about the AER. 


[1](tangentially, I can only think of one economics professor who is a native American, and that&#039;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aradicalblackfoot.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jim Craven&lt;/a&gt;)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Oh I love that article.</p>

	<p><i>Mr. Hacker says he has taken several classes where the instructor&#8217;s accented English was difficult to comprehend. &#8220;There were days when I would go home and have to study the material that they had taught, for the simple reason that I couldn&#8217;t understand the things that came out of their mouth,&#8221;</i></p>

	<p>Forced to <i>go home and study the material</i>!  Heavens above what&#8217;s the world coming to!  Somebody spoon-feed poor little diddums, quick!</p>

	<p>Btw, I wouldn&#8217;t take &#8220;It notes research suggesting that students in sections taught by foreign born T.A.s do worse than students in sections taught by native Americans&#8221; at face value[1].  Looking at the <a href="http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~GBorjas/Papers/Foreign-Born_Teaching_Assistants.pdf" rel="nofollow">Borjas paper</a>, we&#8217;re talking about a difference of 0.2 points on a 4-point scale with an average of 3.15.  The phrase &#8220;statistically but not practically significant&#8221; definitely comes to mind; this is a good example of the sort of thing Deirdre McCloskey doesn&#8217;t like about the <span class="caps">AER</span>.</p>


	<p>[1](tangentially, I can only think of one economics professor who is a native American, and that&#8217;s <a href="http://www.aradicalblackfoot.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow">Jim Craven</a>)</p>
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