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	<title>Comments on: What have the Romans ever done for us?*</title>
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	<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/</link>
	<description>Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made</description>
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		<title>By: harold</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-3/#comment-229687</link>
		<dc:creator>harold</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 22:43:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229687</guid>
		<description>The little tin gods of academe.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>The little tin gods of academe.</p>
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		<title>By: seth edenbaum</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-3/#comment-229642</link>
		<dc:creator>seth edenbaum</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 18:34:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229642</guid>
		<description>&quot;In Monarchies the rule of law is above all, even the king...&quot;
I&#039;m always surprised there&#039;s not more discussion of that in discussions of justice. The rule of law and the rule of law in a republic are two different things.

And as to the the brits and HK. I posted a comment on &lt;a href=&quot;http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2008/02/lets-get-even-m.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; post at Delong&#039;s site making the point that DL was simply making a case against nationalist logic as such. &quot;Shorter Brad DeLong: we&#039;d be better off if colonial subjects had put off their nationalist aspirations for a century of so.&quot; I posted in and he removed it. I restructured it as a question and he removed it again.  There&#039;s a logical reasoned case to be made for patience, but DeLong is only willing to make it in the context of his own moralizing pedantry. Why someone points out the implications he runs away.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>&#8220;In Monarchies the rule of law is above all, even the king&#8230;&#8221;<br />
I&#8217;m always surprised there&#8217;s not more discussion of that in discussions of justice. The rule of law and the rule of law in a republic are two different things.</p>

	<p>And as to the the brits and HK. I posted a comment on <a href="http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2008/02/lets-get-even-m.html" rel="nofollow">this</a> post at Delong&#8217;s site making the point that DL was simply making a case against nationalist logic as such. &#8220;Shorter Brad DeLong: we&#8217;d be better off if colonial subjects had put off their nationalist aspirations for a century of so.&#8221; I posted in and he removed it. I restructured it as a question and he removed it again.  There&#8217;s a logical reasoned case to be made for patience, but DeLong is only willing to make it in the context of his own moralizing pedantry. Why someone points out the implications he runs away.</p>
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		<title>By: harold</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229639</link>
		<dc:creator>harold</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 18:03:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229639</guid>
		<description>What the Romans did for us was to introduce the idea of a universal citizenry with equality under the law  (however much this may have been honored in the breach). There is much confusion in the posts above with legitimate governments and dictatorships (tyranny). Under dictatorships there is no rule of law.   

The law may often be an ass, it may be applied imperfectly, but on the whole it is preferable to  lawlessness.

In Monarchies the rule of law is above all, even the king, though some quibbled that he was bound only by God&#039;s law (in Catholic lands interpreted by the Pope and enforced threat of excommunication and/or regime change as directed by the Papacy.) 

Despite its officially sanctioned racism and other grave defects, such sanctioning the opium trade, it is my impression that the British Empire did bring a (relatively less corrupt than previously) Rule of Law to, say,  British Hong Kong (mentioned above) and that this was one benefit that the inhabitants were grateful for.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>What the Romans did for us was to introduce the idea of a universal citizenry with equality under the law  (however much this may have been honored in the breach). There is much confusion in the posts above with legitimate governments and dictatorships (tyranny). Under dictatorships there is no rule of law.</p>

	<p>The law may often be an ass, it may be applied imperfectly, but on the whole it is preferable to  lawlessness.</p>

	<p>In Monarchies the rule of law is above all, even the king, though some quibbled that he was bound only by God&#8217;s law (in Catholic lands interpreted by the Pope and enforced threat of excommunication and/or regime change as directed by the Papacy.)</p>

	<p>Despite its officially sanctioned racism and other grave defects, such sanctioning the opium trade, it is my impression that the British Empire did bring a (relatively less corrupt than previously) Rule of Law to, say,  British Hong Kong (mentioned above) and that this was one benefit that the inhabitants were grateful for.</p>
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		<title>By: Katherine</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229628</link>
		<dc:creator>Katherine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 16:21:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229628</guid>
		<description>Re Hong Kong, under British rule, it was perfectly legal to pay people differently according to their race.  Large companies would routinely pay their ex-pat, British employees far more than their Chinese employees, both in terms of salary and in terms of perks.  That is in breach of both civil and economic rights in my books.

As for the flipside question - dunno, will have to think on that one.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Re Hong Kong, under British rule, it was perfectly legal to pay people differently according to their race.  Large companies would routinely pay their ex-pat, British employees far more than their Chinese employees, both in terms of salary and in terms of perks.  That is in breach of both civil and economic rights in my books.</p>

	<p>As for the flipside question &#8211; dunno, will have to think on that one.</p>
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		<title>By: Tracy W</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229627</link>
		<dc:creator>Tracy W</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 16:19:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229627</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;“General advice to “behave like a wise man” is useless.”
It’s generally assumed and for good reason that if you’re the big kid on the block, violence on your part is unnecessary. Ask a bouncer who’s good at his job. He’ll explain. If you’re interested in more than peacemaking, if you’re interested in control, that changes things. &lt;/i&gt;

Cool - let&#039;s hand over international relations to a bouncer! &#039;Cos there is absolutely no difference between controlling a bunch of drunken louts in a bar and managing relationships with a foreign dictatorship whose first concern is staying in power - and whom you are very likely going to have to deal with again not just tomorrow for years and years. 

Oh, and you don&#039;t just want to keep them from beating up your neighbours, you have to worry about climate change policy and deforestration and them supporting groups of people who are trying to attack your government, and you also have to worry about the other neighbours, and your own government is dependent on votes from people who have strong opinions about what should be happening in the dictatorship country (there are a lot of Pacific Islanders in NZ).

Nope, foreign policy is absolutely dead simple, and anyone who doesn&#039;t immediately appreciate the obvious brilliance of advice like &quot;act like a wise man&quot; is simply expecting you to waste your time listening to bullshit and lies. Simple slogans and talking to bouncers is the way to go!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><i>&#8220;General advice to &#8220;behave like a wise man&#8221; is useless.&#8221;<br />
It&#8217;s generally assumed and for good reason that if you&#8217;re the big kid on the block, violence on your part is unnecessary. Ask a bouncer who&#8217;s good at his job. He&#8217;ll explain. If you&#8217;re interested in more than peacemaking, if you&#8217;re interested in control, that changes things. </i></p>

	<p>Cool &#8211; let&#8217;s hand over international relations to a bouncer! &#8216;Cos there is absolutely no difference between controlling a bunch of drunken louts in a bar and managing relationships with a foreign dictatorship whose first concern is staying in power &#8211; and whom you are very likely going to have to deal with again not just tomorrow for years and years.</p>

	<p>Oh, and you don&#8217;t just want to keep them from beating up your neighbours, you have to worry about climate change policy and deforestration and them supporting groups of people who are trying to attack your government, and you also have to worry about the other neighbours, and your own government is dependent on votes from people who have strong opinions about what should be happening in the dictatorship country (there are a lot of Pacific Islanders in NZ).</p>

	<p>Nope, foreign policy is absolutely dead simple, and anyone who doesn&#8217;t immediately appreciate the obvious brilliance of advice like &#8220;act like a wise man&#8221; is simply expecting you to waste your time listening to bullshit and lies. Simple slogans and talking to bouncers is the way to go!</p>
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		<title>By: SamChevre</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229622</link>
		<dc:creator>SamChevre</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 14:11:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229622</guid>
		<description>Welll--it seems pretty clear that a dictatorship will deprive people of democratic political rights.  I would say that for &quot;non-democratic states that protected civil and economic rights well&quot;, Singapore and Hong Kong would come rapidly to mind.

The flip side of your question would be, &quot;Can you name a democracy that protected the rights of stable, identifiable minorities well?&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Welll&#8212;it seems pretty clear that a dictatorship will deprive people of democratic political rights.  I would say that for &#8220;non-democratic states that protected civil and economic rights well&#8221;, Singapore and Hong Kong would come rapidly to mind.</p>

	<p>The flip side of your question would be, &#8220;Can you name a democracy that protected the rights of stable, identifiable minorities well?&#8221; </p>
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		<title>By: Katherine</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229618</link>
		<dc:creator>Katherine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 10:21:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229618</guid>
		<description>Geo, once again I&#039;m going to have to point out that my point was not that democracies always secure all rights (political, civil or economic), but that it seems to be inevitable that a dictatorship will stamp on some or all of them.

On that note, I&#039;m going to have to snort derisively at the Wikipedia list of &quot;benevolent dictators&quot; if it includes Castro on the list.  With all the toing and froing on this and the previous thread about how bad or how inevitable Castro was or wasn&#039;t, I never heard anyone deny that he had stomped on various, even numerous, human rights, unless those 69 political prisoners were suddenly freed while I wasn&#039;t looking.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Geo, once again I&#8217;m going to have to point out that my point was not that democracies always secure all rights (political, civil or economic), but that it seems to be inevitable that a dictatorship will stamp on some or all of them.</p>

	<p>On that note, I&#8217;m going to have to snort derisively at the Wikipedia list of &#8220;benevolent dictators&#8221; if it includes Castro on the list.  With all the toing and froing on this and the previous thread about how bad or how inevitable Castro was or wasn&#8217;t, I never heard anyone deny that he had stomped on various, even numerous, human rights, unless those 69 political prisoners were suddenly freed while I wasn&#8217;t looking.</p>
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		<title>By: abb1</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229615</link>
		<dc:creator>abb1</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 07:05:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229615</guid>
		<description>Norway, Norway.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Norway, Norway.</p>
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		<title>By: Roy Belmont</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229611</link>
		<dc:creator>Roy Belmont</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 06:06:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229611</guid>
		<description>#92 - I got stuck in Noway once. Man, it was hard to get out of there.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>#92 &#8211; I got stuck in Noway once. Man, it was hard to get out of there.</p>
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		<title>By: geo</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229607</link>
		<dc:creator>geo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 03:07:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229607</guid>
		<description>#80:&lt;i&gt;it seems to be a prerequisite of dictatorship that it is repressive and abusive of human rights&lt;/i&gt;

Someone on a previous thread eloquently reminded us that not all human rights are political rights. Some are welfare rights, like health care, economic security, a clean environment, education for one&#039;s children, etc. Some dictators, like Lee Kuan Yew (sp.?), Suharto, and the examples mentioned in #92, do seem to have done a better job securing some welfare rights, at least some of the time, than some purely formally democratic regimes.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>#80:<i>it seems to be a prerequisite of dictatorship that it is repressive and abusive of human rights</i></p>

	<p>Someone on a previous thread eloquently reminded us that not all human rights are political rights. Some are welfare rights, like health care, economic security, a clean environment, education for one&#8217;s children, etc. Some dictators, like Lee Kuan Yew (sp.?), Suharto, and the examples mentioned in #92, do seem to have done a better job securing some welfare rights, at least some of the time, than some purely formally democratic regimes.</p>
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		<title>By: abb1</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229597</link>
		<dc:creator>abb1</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 21:04:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229597</guid>
		<description>Well, wikipedia suggests Napoleon Bonaparte, Anwar Sadat, Kenneth Kaunda, Józef Piłsudski, Omar Torrijos, Juan and Eva Peron and Fidel Castro as benevolent dictators, so there you go. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator#.22The_benevolent_dictator.22

But, again, there might be some confusion of cause and effect here. In a place like Noway where there&#039;s little tension of any kind - ethnic, class, religious or whatever - there&#039;s, naturally, little need for coercion, violation of human rights, or dictatorship. But in a place/situation with high level of tensions and contradictions it just may be inevitable.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Well, wikipedia suggests Napoleon Bonaparte, Anwar Sadat, Kenneth Kaunda, J&#243;zef Piłsudski, Omar Torrijos, Juan and Eva Peron and Fidel Castro as benevolent dictators, so there you go.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator#.22The_benevolent_dictator.22" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator#.22The_benevolent_dictator.22</a></p>

	<p>But, again, there might be some confusion of cause and effect here. In a place like Noway where there&#8217;s little tension of any kind &#8211; ethnic, class, religious or whatever &#8211; there&#8217;s, naturally, little need for coercion, violation of human rights, or dictatorship. But in a place/situation with high level of tensions and contradictions it just may be inevitable.</p>
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		<title>By: Katherine</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229586</link>
		<dc:creator>Katherine</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 19:21:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229586</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt; &quot;f...or example, they can choose between ‘bear right’ and ‘sharp right’. Perhaps the course that favors the majority is ‘sharp left’ but that can’t be facilitated by democracy because the electoral process, mass-media, and other powerful institutions (internal and external) all favor the direction ‘right’. If the population still refuses to follow recommended direction, they can be convinced by more direct means: sabotaging their economy, military attacks, terrorism, etc.&quot; &lt;/i&gt;

That may well be the case currently within the UK and the US, but it certainly isn&#039;t inherent to democracy.  Witness, for example, the setting up of the welfare state and the NHS in Britain after WWII.  Britain was at that time, I do believe, a democracy.  I think it is fair to say that that was a sharp turn leftwards.

I note that for all the discussions about the failures of democracy, most of which I agree with, the answer to my question is &lt;i&gt; still &lt;/i&gt; no.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><i> &#8220;f&#8230;or example, they can choose between &#8216;bear right&#8217; and &#8216;sharp right&#8217;. Perhaps the course that favors the majority is &#8216;sharp left&#8217; but that can&#8217;t be facilitated by democracy because the electoral process, mass-media, and other powerful institutions (internal and external) all favor the direction &#8216;right&#8217;. If the population still refuses to follow recommended direction, they can be convinced by more direct means: sabotaging their economy, military attacks, terrorism, etc.&#8221; </i></p>

	<p>That may well be the case currently within the UK and the US, but it certainly isn&#8217;t inherent to democracy.  Witness, for example, the setting up of the welfare state and the <span class="caps">NHS</span> in Britain after <span class="caps">WWII</span>.  Britain was at that time, I do believe, a democracy.  I think it is fair to say that that was a sharp turn leftwards.</p>

	<p>I note that for all the discussions about the failures of democracy, most of which I agree with, the answer to my question is <i> still </i> no.</p>
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		<title>By: Roy Belmont</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229585</link>
		<dc:creator>Roy Belmont</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 19:00:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229585</guid>
		<description>Over time the majority itself can be shaped, is shaped, or bred if you want to get Darwinian. The same processes that created the Dachshund out of the Dobermann are at work on human beings, as they are on every organism. This is maybe why so much resistance to the idea of evolution occurs in the demographic it does. A turning away from that awful thing in the mirror.
Given enough time under the right conditions the majority will be what was once a minority. Dramatic examples being the US in the 17th c., the US now, Australia 18th c. and now, etc.
It&#039;s too obvious to run away from without schizoid self-delusion when it&#039;s locational like that. When minority qualities are induced and enforced into becoming qualities of the majority, like shades of orchid, it&#039;s more than subtle enough to be ignored, especially since looking at it directly&#039;s so scary. Given cowardice is one of the more desirable attributes in a slave population that not-seeing will be reinforced, where slaves are the goal.
Which brings us around to Edenbaum&#039;s &quot;Ignorance is not good for the republic.&quot;
True, but as with domestic animals, because it makes them malleable and less likely to rebel, ignorance and cowardice are sought-after qualities in slaves. And slaves are good for empire.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Over time the majority itself can be shaped, is shaped, or bred if you want to get Darwinian. The same processes that created the Dachshund out of the Dobermann are at work on human beings, as they are on every organism. This is maybe why so much resistance to the idea of evolution occurs in the demographic it does. A turning away from that awful thing in the mirror.<br />
Given enough time under the right conditions the majority will be what was once a minority. Dramatic examples being the US in the 17th c., the US now, Australia 18th c. and now, etc.<br />
It&#8217;s too obvious to run away from without schizoid self-delusion when it&#8217;s locational like that. When minority qualities are induced and enforced into becoming qualities of the majority, like shades of orchid, it&#8217;s more than subtle enough to be ignored, especially since looking at it directly&#8217;s so scary. Given cowardice is one of the more desirable attributes in a slave population that not-seeing will be reinforced, where slaves are the goal.<br />
Which brings us around to Edenbaum&#8217;s &#8220;Ignorance is not good for the republic.&#8221;<br />
True, but as with domestic animals, because it makes them malleable and less likely to rebel, ignorance and cowardice are sought-after qualities in slaves. And slaves are good for empire.</p>
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		<title>By: harold</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229581</link>
		<dc:creator>harold</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 17:38:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229581</guid>
		<description>Re-Croatia -- South German ties:

Croatia Religions:
	
Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%, Muslim 1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census) --CIA Handbook

Um, Cardinal Stepniac?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Re-Croatia&#8212;South German ties:</p>

	<p>Croatia Religions:</p>

	<p>Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%, Muslim 1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census)&#8212;CIA Handbook</p>

	<p>Um, Cardinal Stepniac?</p>
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		<title>By: abb1</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/comment-page-2/#comment-229574</link>
		<dc:creator>abb1</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 09:48:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/2008/02/21/what-have-the-romans-ever-done-for-us/#comment-229574</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;Dictatorship institutionalizes resistance to regime change...&lt;/i&gt;

I think that&#039;s right. 

&lt;i&gt;Democracy institutionalizes an orderly process for regime change that favors the majority.&lt;/i&gt;

I don&#039;t think it&#039;s true that it favors the majority, necessarily. What typically happens is that the population, pre-conditioned by the mass-media, is given the choice of two directions; for example, they can choose between &#039;bear right&#039; and &#039;sharp right&#039;. Perhaps the course that favors the majority is &#039;sharp left&#039; but that can&#039;t be facilitated by democracy because the electoral process, mass-media, and other powerful institutions (internal and external) all  favor the direction &#039;right&#039;. If the population still refuses to follow recommended direction, they can be convinced by more direct means: sabotaging their economy, military attacks, terrorism, etc.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><i>Dictatorship institutionalizes resistance to regime change&#8230;</i></p>

	<p>I think that&#8217;s right.</p>

	<p><i>Democracy institutionalizes an orderly process for regime change that favors the majority.</i></p>

	<p>I don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s true that it favors the majority, necessarily. What typically happens is that the population, pre-conditioned by the mass-media, is given the choice of two directions; for example, they can choose between &#8216;bear right&#8217; and &#8216;sharp right&#8217;. Perhaps the course that favors the majority is &#8216;sharp left&#8217; but that can&#8217;t be facilitated by democracy because the electoral process, mass-media, and other powerful institutions (internal and external) all  favor the direction &#8216;right&#8217;. If the population still refuses to follow recommended direction, they can be convinced by more direct means: sabotaging their economy, military attacks, terrorism, etc.</p>
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