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	<title>Comments on: The wages of populism: political death</title>
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	<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/</link>
	<description>Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made</description>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-6/#comment-294625</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 03:07:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294625</guid>
		<description>some very odd stuff going on with unexplained failed posts and now moderation. What a frightful bore.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>some very odd stuff going on with unexplained failed posts and now moderation. What a frightful bore.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294624</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 03:04:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294624</guid>
		<description>In any case the attitude I report is a prevalent one, *not entirely exceptionless. The business of keeping things semi-secret (hence ‘plausible deniability’ rather than ‘total indetectability’) is an interesting one in itself. I’m toying with epidemiology and prevention of infection as an analogy – ‘sterility’ only needs to be below a certain threshhold, not total. (Also esoteric/exoteric, etc – the Iranian oil bourse was of course mentioned – briefly – in semi-insider publications like the Financial Times.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>In any case the attitude I report is a prevalent one, *not entirely exceptionless. The business of keeping things semi-secret (hence &#8216;plausible deniability&#8217; rather than &#8216;total indetectability&#8217;) is an interesting one in itself. I&#8217;m toying with epidemiology and prevention of infection as an analogy &#8211; &#8216;sterility&#8217; only needs to be below a certain threshhold, not total. (Also esoteric/exoteric, etc &#8211; the Iranian oil bourse was of course mentioned &#8211; briefly &#8211; in semi-insider publications like the Financial Times.)</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294623</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 03:00:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294623</guid>
		<description>In any case the attitude I report is a prevalent one, *not entirely exceptionless.  The business of keeping things semi-secret (hence &#039;plausible deniability&#039; rather than &#039;total indetectability&#039;) is an interesting one in itself - I&#039;m toying with using epidemiology and prevention of infection as an analogy - &#039;sterility&#039; only needs to be below a certain threshhold, not total. (Also esoteric/exoteric, etc - the Iranian oil bourse was of course mentioned - briefly - in semi-insider publications like the Financial Times.)

Of course all this could sound rather &#039;conspiracy-minded&#039;, when saner folk are more &#039;coincidence-minded&#039; or &#039;cock-up-minded&#039;. I don&#039;t actually regard it as just a matter of master plans - and not at all a matter of master plans of the vast, ancient, all-encompassing, omnipotent, monolithic, occult, extra-terrestrial etc varieties. But for now I&#039;ll leave the models  of  merely quasi- or partly- conspiratorial media control to the Glasgow Media Group, uncle Noam Chomsky and all. 

Well they are about all, actually, as far as I have been able to discover without current Athens credentials. &lt;b&gt;If anyone can recommend any reasonably rigorous readings in sociology, psychology - or whatever - dealing with informal, distributed, unconscious, emergent, or otherwise non-smoky-room-based group action (&#039;quasi-conspiracy&#039;) in the media or anywhere else, please please speak now. &lt;/b&gt; I don&#039;t really include 70s-vintage Marxian a prioricities about class action since these seem to lack microfoundations - and for the most part empirical rigour.  I am, though, willing to have my mind changed on that, and indeed - to seat myself more firmly on my high epistemic horse - on anything else.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>In any case the attitude I report is a prevalent one, *not entirely exceptionless.  The business of keeping things semi-secret (hence &#8216;plausible deniability&#8217; rather than &#8216;total indetectability&#8217;) is an interesting one in itself &#8211; I&#8217;m toying with using epidemiology and prevention of infection as an analogy &#8211; &#8216;sterility&#8217; only needs to be below a certain threshhold, not total. (Also esoteric/exoteric, etc &#8211; the Iranian oil bourse was of course mentioned &#8211; briefly &#8211; in semi-insider publications like the Financial Times.)</p>

	<p>Of course all this could sound rather &#8216;conspiracy-minded&#8217;, when saner folk are more &#8216;coincidence-minded&#8217; or &#8216;cock-up-minded&#8217;. I don&#8217;t actually regard it as just a matter of master plans &#8211; and not at all a matter of master plans of the vast, ancient, all-encompassing, omnipotent, monolithic, occult, extra-terrestrial etc varieties. But for now I&#8217;ll leave the models  of  merely quasi- or partly- conspiratorial media control to the Glasgow Media Group, uncle Noam Chomsky and all.</p>

	<p>Well they are about all, actually, as far as I have been able to discover without current Athens credentials. <b>If anyone can recommend any reasonably rigorous readings in sociology, psychology &#8211; or whatever &#8211; dealing with informal, distributed, unconscious, emergent, or otherwise non-smoky-room-based group action (&#8216;quasi-conspiracy&#8217;) in the media or anywhere else, please please speak now. </b> I don&#8217;t really include 70s-vintage Marxian a prioricities about class action since these seem to lack microfoundations &#8211; and for the most part empirical rigour.  I am, though, willing to have my mind changed on that, and indeed &#8211; to seat myself more firmly on my high epistemic horse &#8211; on anything else.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294622</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:59:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294622</guid>
		<description>Actually, that&#039;s not quite true - I&#039;ve just looked it up again, and the Australian ABC News has a story in which CTs are reported in at least lukewarm tones, even mentioning the US and Israel as mooted culprits, along with Iran as target (though not the specific motive I regard as plausible: the Iranian oil bourse, Saddam&#039;s petro-Euro and the Axis of Anti-hegemonic Currency Choices is never* mentioned). In a way this may even be a derived phenomenon in which a reporter who does give credence to a theory can report it under cover of calling it a &#039;conspiracy theory&#039;, and not being too detailed. Call that cake-and-eat-it, but I think it&#039;s kinda plausible (note the wild-eyed fundamentalism there). I haven&#039;t looked into how well the reporter&#039;s career has gone since then, though. He may be in danger of seeming a bit &#039;shrill&#039; or &#039;credulous&#039; or &#039;unserious&#039; or &#039;not a safe pair of hands&#039;. To retain yet guzzle more cake, I would add that Aus &lt;i&gt;may&lt;/i&gt; be sufficiently remote for such stories to pass as being about Foreigners - in which case, all sorts of theories - poisoned sushi, vote fraud, you name it - can  be discussed without embarrassment.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Actually, that&#8217;s not quite true &#8211; I&#8217;ve just looked it up again, and the Australian <span class="caps">ABC </span>News has a story in which CTs are reported in at least lukewarm tones, even mentioning the US and Israel as mooted culprits, along with Iran as target (though not the specific motive I regard as plausible: the Iranian oil bourse, Saddam&#8217;s petro-Euro and the Axis of Anti-hegemonic Currency Choices is never* mentioned). In a way this may even be a derived phenomenon in which a reporter who does give credence to a theory can report it under cover of calling it a &#8216;conspiracy theory&#8217;, and not being too detailed. Call that cake-and-eat-it, but I think it&#8217;s kinda plausible (note the wild-eyed fundamentalism there). I haven&#8217;t looked into how well the reporter&#8217;s career has gone since then, though. He may be in danger of seeming a bit &#8216;shrill&#8217; or &#8216;credulous&#8217; or &#8216;unserious&#8217; or &#8216;not a safe pair of hands&#8217;. To retain yet guzzle more cake, I would add that Aus <i>may</i> be sufficiently remote for such stories to pass as being about Foreigners &#8211; in which case, all sorts of theories &#8211; poisoned sushi, vote fraud, you name it &#8211; can  be discussed without embarrassment.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294621</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:59:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294621</guid>
		<description>An example I remember from I trying this a while ago  this was the cut internet cables in the middle east in Feb 08. MSM reports mentioned unspecified &#039;conspiracy theories&#039; in passing, end of story. I on the other hand think it eminently reasonable to suppose that these cables were in fact cut in order to disrupt the launch of the Iranian petrodollar-free oil bourse. Why bother? I don&#039;t know, and it&#039;s not very consequential. Maybe just a general harrying policy, maybe a failed attempt at something else, maybe a play for time, who knows. What  do know is that undersea cables do not cut themselves and are generally placed so as not to be cut accidentally, that some action against the Iranian outrage by pro-US actors was very likely, and that sending a guy down to cut some cables is an utterly anodyne example of international politics carried on by unexceptional means. But in the MSM, this strong possibility was never even mentioned in any detail, just indirectly dismissed by reference to unspecified CTs.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>An example I remember from I trying this a while ago  this was the cut internet cables in the middle east in Feb 08. <span class="caps">MSM</span> reports mentioned unspecified &#8216;conspiracy theories&#8217; in passing, end of story. I on the other hand think it eminently reasonable to suppose that these cables were in fact cut in order to disrupt the launch of the Iranian petrodollar-free oil bourse. Why bother? I don&#8217;t know, and it&#8217;s not very consequential. Maybe just a general harrying policy, maybe a failed attempt at something else, maybe a play for time, who knows. What  do know is that undersea cables do not cut themselves and are generally placed so as not to be cut accidentally, that some action against the Iranian outrage by pro-US actors was very likely, and that sending a guy down to cut some cables is an utterly anodyne example of international politics carried on by unexceptional means. But in the <span class="caps">MSM</span>, this strong possibility was never even mentioned in any detail, just indirectly dismissed by reference to unspecified CTs.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294620</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:58:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294620</guid>
		<description>...need be anything more than a theory about a conspiracy, they will all presume that a CT must be false or highly questionable - and usually that believing one (partial credence is not recognised as an option) reflects major personal deficiencies, often with the insinuation that they are borderline mental-health issues (cf &#039;paranoid style&#039;).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>&#8230;need be anything more than a theory about a conspiracy, they will all presume that a CT must be false or highly questionable &#8211; and usually that believing one (partial credence is not recognised as an option) reflects major personal deficiencies, often with the insinuation that they are borderline mental-health issues (cf &#8216;paranoid style&#8217;).</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294617</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:55:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294617</guid>
		<description>Clearly a conspiracy to prevent these important remarks from being posted</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Clearly a conspiracy to prevent these important remarks from being posted</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294615</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:53:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294615</guid>
		<description>hough there is no suggestion (nor general recognition) that a &#039;conspiracy theory&#039; need be anything more than a theory about a conspiracy,</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>hough there is no suggestion (nor general recognition) that a &#8216;conspiracy theory&#8217; need be anything more than a theory about a conspiracy,</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294613</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:51:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294613</guid>
		<description>test...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>test&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294611</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:49:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294611</guid>
		<description>If illustration is needed, just News-Google &#039;conspiracy theory&#039; and you will get plenty of hits, relating to anything from humdrum allegations of simple sharp practice to full-on domestic covert action theories.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>If illustration is needed, just News-Google &#8216;conspiracy theory&#8217; and you will get plenty of hits, relating to anything from humdrum allegations of simple sharp practice to full-on domestic covert action theories.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294608</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:48:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294608</guid>
		<description>Martin, I certainly have no argument with your comments, nor a great deal to say about the specifics of Hofstadter&#039;s more serious writings. I&#039;m just on a mission to eliminate the facile use of  &#039;conspiracy theory&#039; (and the more spec1alised but basically similar &#039;paranoid style&#039;, &#039;cultic milieu&#039; etc), which people often assume they have a good enough handle on to use in serious discussion, but which are actually little more than name-calling - and amazingly effective at closing down debate. Chris  - perhaps somewhat unfairly - bore the - eminently bearable - brunt of my irritation at the general phenomenon.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Martin, I certainly have no argument with your comments, nor a great deal to say about the specifics of Hofstadter&#8217;s more serious writings. I&#8217;m just on a mission to eliminate the facile use of  &#8216;conspiracy theory&#8217; (and the more spec1alised but basically similar &#8216;paranoid style&#8217;, &#8216;cultic milieu&#8217; etc), which people often assume they have a good enough handle on to use in serious discussion, but which are actually little more than name-calling &#8211; and amazingly effective at closing down debate. Chris  &#8211; perhaps somewhat unfairly &#8211; bore the &#8211; eminently bearable &#8211; brunt of my irritation at the general phenomenon.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294605</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 02:45:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294605</guid>
		<description>testing after failed post....</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>testing after failed post&#8230;.</p>
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		<title>By: Martin Bento</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294566</link>
		<dc:creator>Martin Bento</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2009 17:53:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294566</guid>
		<description>Well, Tim, you are opening the whole can of worms on Hofstadter there, while I&#039;m thinking this thread is going to close any minute. Just to clarify my last comment: I said that nothing in my recent comments was an attack on Hofstadter per se. I see now that Chris was probably referring to my comment that there was a consensus that Hofstadter was unfair to Populism. That was the upshot I got from the discussion between Alpers and Emerson upthread. What I meant is that my own argument in that last few comments, about the rhetorical games made possible by the multiple meanings of &quot;populist&quot;, is independent on any attack on Hofstadter&#039;s ideas as such. Nonetheless, I have many objections to Hofstadter&#039;s ideas as such.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Well, Tim, you are opening the whole can of worms on Hofstadter there, while I&#8217;m thinking this thread is going to close any minute. Just to clarify my last comment: I said that nothing in my recent comments was an attack on Hofstadter per se. I see now that Chris was probably referring to my comment that there was a consensus that Hofstadter was unfair to Populism. That was the upshot I got from the discussion between Alpers and Emerson upthread. What I meant is that my own argument in that last few comments, about the rhetorical games made possible by the multiple meanings of &#8220;populist&#8221;, is independent on any attack on Hofstadter&#8217;s ideas as such. Nonetheless, I have many objections to Hofstadter&#8217;s ideas as such.</p>
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		<title>By: Tim Wilkinson</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294553</link>
		<dc:creator>Tim Wilkinson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2009 14:36:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294553</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;I still don’t understand who the “elite” are. Do you have to draw a salary to be one?&lt;/i&gt;

No, you just have to be sufficiently powerful*, really. I&#039;d say &#039;Elite&#039; is more or less a mealy-mouthed way of saying &#039;ruling class&#039; - updated to sound more meritocratic (don&#039;t get me started on &#039;meritocratic&#039;) and less Marxian. &#039;Intellectual elite&#039; is kinda metaphorical or analogical, if it means much at all.
-------------------------------------------------------------

*No smart remarks, please, about power corrupting (fostering perfidy?), nor of the need for ruthlessness (perfidy?) in getting it. That would, according to &lt;strike&gt;Pollyanna&lt;/strike&gt; Chris, be paranoid-conspiracism - which, as the sound of the words tells you, is bad. It has nothing to do with paranoia though, and doesn&#039;t imply any imputation of conspiracy, so feel free to substitute your own wooly folk-sociological sneer term. 

Hint: if your sneer comes under scrutiny, you can always make it seem more plausible by narrowing its scope on an ad hoc basis. Never mind that this will probably undermine your wider point - with any luck that won&#039;t be widely noticed or remembered. Suggested method: claim to have used a special meaning of a term, e.g. &#039;populism&#039;, or &#039;communist&#039;, whereby it covers only that subpopulation which conforms to your generalisation (e.g. pitchfork-wielding morons, well-informed supporters of Stalin). Ideally, you can turn any sentence into a tautology by pretending that the predicate is also part of the subject (&#039;Islamists are evil&#039; is tautologous as long as you are willing to assume that no-one non-evil can count as an Islamist). 

This is not ideal if anyone is paying attention, not only because you reach the unassailable heights of tautology only insofar as you remove substantial content, but also because the appeal to idiosyncratic usage tends to be rather unconvincing. The latter problem at least can be mitigated if you start with a term having no clear meaning, like &#039;inherent perfidy of elites&#039;. Readers will tend to charitably assume a plausible reading, given the intended scope (in this case, candidates for basic tenet of all or most &#039;anti-elite&#039; popular movements). This will leave plenty of room for plausibly finessing the point later. You can just interpret your candidate as a sufficiently implausible tenet (ignoring the fact that this makes it a less plausible candidate too), for sneering to become acceptable. In this case, an interpretation like &#039;a theory that &lt;b&gt;every&lt;/b&gt; member of an [=any?] elite is, &lt;b&gt;necessarily&lt;/b&gt;, perfidious&#039; might be sufficiently overstated, especially if &#039;perfidious&#039; is read as entailing a strong tendency to self-conscious betrayal of acknowledged loyalties, and &#039;necessarily&#039; is given the syntactically-indicated scope.

&quot;I do sort of wonder what is left of populism to which the name can sensibly be applied, if you’re going to steer clear of anti-intellectual appeal to gut checks and the theory that every member of any elite has, of his nature, a strong tendency to consciously betray acknowledged loyalties.&quot;

And still - what paranioia? What conspiracy?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p><i>I still don&#8217;t understand who the &#8220;elite&#8221; are. Do you have to draw a salary to be one?</i></p>

	<p>No, you just have to be sufficiently powerful*, really. I&#8217;d say &#8216;Elite&#8217; is more or less a mealy-mouthed way of saying &#8216;ruling class&#8217; &#8211; updated to sound more meritocratic (don&#8217;t get me started on &#8216;meritocratic&#8217;) and less Marxian. &#8216;Intellectual elite&#8217; is kinda metaphorical or analogical, if it means much at all.&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</p>

	<p>*No smart remarks, please, about power corrupting (fostering perfidy?), nor of the need for ruthlessness (perfidy?) in getting it. That would, according to <strike>Pollyanna</strike> Chris, be paranoid-conspiracism &#8211; which, as the sound of the words tells you, is bad. It has nothing to do with paranoia though, and doesn&#8217;t imply any imputation of conspiracy, so feel free to substitute your own wooly folk-sociological sneer term.</p>

	<p>Hint: if your sneer comes under scrutiny, you can always make it seem more plausible by narrowing its scope on an ad hoc basis. Never mind that this will probably undermine your wider point &#8211; with any luck that won&#8217;t be widely noticed or remembered. Suggested method: claim to have used a special meaning of a term, e.g. &#8216;populism&#8217;, or &#8216;communist&#8217;, whereby it covers only that subpopulation which conforms to your generalisation (e.g. pitchfork-wielding morons, well-informed supporters of Stalin). Ideally, you can turn any sentence into a tautology by pretending that the predicate is also part of the subject (&#8216;Islamists are evil&#8217; is tautologous as long as you are willing to assume that no-one non-evil can count as an Islamist).</p>

	<p>This is not ideal if anyone is paying attention, not only because you reach the unassailable heights of tautology only insofar as you remove substantial content, but also because the appeal to idiosyncratic usage tends to be rather unconvincing. The latter problem at least can be mitigated if you start with a term having no clear meaning, like &#8216;inherent perfidy of elites&#8217;. Readers will tend to charitably assume a plausible reading, given the intended scope (in this case, candidates for basic tenet of all or most &#8216;anti-elite&#8217; popular movements). This will leave plenty of room for plausibly finessing the point later. You can just interpret your candidate as a sufficiently implausible tenet (ignoring the fact that this makes it a less plausible candidate too), for sneering to become acceptable. In this case, an interpretation like &#8216;a theory that <b>every</b> member of an [=any?] elite is, <b>necessarily</b>, perfidious&#8217; might be sufficiently overstated, especially if &#8216;perfidious&#8217; is read as entailing a strong tendency to self-conscious betrayal of acknowledged loyalties, and &#8216;necessarily&#8217; is given the syntactically-indicated scope.</p>

	<p>&#8220;I do sort of wonder what is left of populism to which the name can sensibly be applied, if you&#8217;re going to steer clear of anti-intellectual appeal to gut checks and the theory that every member of any elite has, of his nature, a strong tendency to consciously betray acknowledged loyalties.&#8221;</p>

	<p>And still &#8211; what paranioia? What conspiracy?</p>
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		<title>By: Martin Bento</title>
		<link>http://crookedtimber.org/2009/10/31/the-wages-of-populism-political-death/comment-page-5/#comment-294496</link>
		<dc:creator>Martin Bento</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 23:52:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://crookedtimber.org/?p=13555#comment-294496</guid>
		<description>Well, the legitimacy of Hofstadter&#039;s ideas in and of themselves is a whole other complicated discussion. I don&#039;t have a lot of time right now, and I think this thread is petering out (even Emerson is gone, I think) and going to be closed soon anyway.  Suffice it to say, it is true that nothing I said in the last few comments necessarily implies a critique of Hofstadter himself, just of how his ideas are applied to the current political discourse, That said, there is a lot wrong with Hofstadter himself.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[	<p>Well, the legitimacy of Hofstadter&#8217;s ideas in and of themselves is a whole other complicated discussion. I don&#8217;t have a lot of time right now, and I think this thread is petering out (even Emerson is gone, I think) and going to be closed soon anyway.  Suffice it to say, it is true that nothing I said in the last few comments necessarily implies a critique of Hofstadter himself, just of how his ideas are applied to the current political discourse, That said, there is a lot wrong with Hofstadter himself.</p>
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