The Invention of Tradition

by Kieran Healy on September 8, 2007

Compare and contrast this:

With this:

Looks like everything in rugby has gotten more professional over the past 25 years. Bonus haka (vs Ireland) below the fold.

{ 47 comments }

1

Daniel Rosenblatt 09.08.07 at 4:43 am

Lest anyone not take seriously the idea of haka as expression of national identity (and performance of an emerging sense of New Zealand as a “bicultural” nation), here is a platoon from the New Zealand army handing over its responsibilities in the Solomon Islands to an Austalian unit via a traditional powhiri (welcome) ceremony centered on the haka which was recently written for the army.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIeNSacgq08

An “invention” to be sure, but no less a meaningful piece of social action for that.

2

Kieran Healy 09.08.07 at 4:58 am

Yeah, the “invention of tradition” rubric isn’t really right, because while the significance of the haka probably changed since the 70s it’s not like they invented the form out of whole cloth. What’s interesting is that the execution of the performance didn’t lag behind the professionalization of the rest of rugby: obviously they’re putting more work into everything.

I wonder whether the Welsh goat is better groomed than he used to be.

3

Daniel Rosenblatt 09.08.07 at 5:12 am

I have to say, that while I had heard from friends in NZ that the All Blacks had gotten better at the haka over the years, I had no idea how wretched they used to be—that first clip was painful to watch!

4

Neil 09.08.07 at 5:38 am

Might have something to do with the number of Maori/pacific islanders on the team (not to mention the social changes in NZ).

5

astrongmaybe 09.08.07 at 5:38 am

Couldnt Ireland have done their traditional ceremony of the 12-pints-of-Heineken-and-a-quick-vomit in response? I guess there wasn’t time.

6

Neil 09.08.07 at 5:47 am

A quick google turns up the following result for that match: NZ 23, Ireland 9. They looked like fools; apparently they didn’t play much better.

7

astrongmaybe 09.08.07 at 6:08 am

An “invention” to be sure, but no less a meaningful piece of social action for that.
Rather like the goose-step, another martial peformance tradition invented to bond the boys together in a warm feeling of national pride.

8

SG 09.08.07 at 6:38 am

perhaps you are being funny, astrongmaybe, but I don’t think comparing the haka to the goose-step is a very sensible or respectable joke.

9

maltodextrin 09.08.07 at 7:16 am

Hearing Iggy and the Stooges linked from a Crooked Timber post makes me happy.

10

Chris Bertram 09.08.07 at 7:20 am

Surely the first clip was a bit of discarded Monty Python footage, isn’t that Eric Idle?

11

ejh 09.08.07 at 8:45 am

Can I take the usual opportunity to observe that that is “rugby union”, not “rugby”?

Thank you.

12

Phil 09.08.07 at 9:12 am

This is a better response to the haka

13

Phil 09.08.07 at 9:20 am

I didn’t see that it had been posted on the other thread.

14

astrongmaybe 09.08.07 at 9:37 am

I was being quite serious. I think the two are comparable, if not identical, precisely under the rubric of “the invention of tradition.” The person in number 1 above, after all, linked to an elaborate form of military athletics invented to give a sense of national togetherness. Similar, in some respects, to the Prussians’ invention of the goosestep in the nineteenth century. In some respects, of course, different. That’d be the glory of comparison. The Trooping of the Color is also a plausible comparison, though that does quite have the same athletic component. (I can’t remember if that example is specifically used in the Invention of Tradition book).

That respectable enough?

15

astrongmaybe 09.08.07 at 9:38 am

sorry, in the above post, that should read “does *not* quite have the same athletic component…”

16

Giles 09.08.07 at 10:31 am

Of course the better the all Blacks have got at the Haka the worse thye’ve become at actually winning anything….

17

Daniel Rosenblatt 09.08.07 at 11:21 am

Regarding the comparison of the haka to the goose step: NZ won that match too:

http://folksong.org.nz/hokimai/index.html

More seriously, the comparison is interesting, although the differences may be as instructive as the similarities. I don’t know enough about 19th century German politics to speak to what the Goose Step meant in its Prussian context, but the haka these days addresses not simply a martial “national togetherness” but how to conceive of that in a settler state moving towards a postcolonial condition.

18

conchis 09.08.07 at 11:34 am

Kieran, I actually don’t think that the improvement in the haka had much to do with the professionalisation of the sport. My impression (which appears to be confirmed by wikipedia) was that it was largely the work of Buck Shelford in the late 80s.

19

John Emerson 09.08.07 at 11:54 am

People are failing to mention New Zealand’s evident imperialistic and exterminationist intentions. Have you not seen the maps of “Greater New Zealand” stretching from Hawaii to Madagascar, with hapless Australia again reduced to prison-colony status?

20

Edis 09.08.07 at 11:55 am

The leader in that first Haka looks like Sid Goeing – am I right in thinking he was of Maori origin and the only Maori in that period’s AB team?

I remember the Ireland match when the opposition confronted the ABs. Who were the team a few years later who turned their backs on the ABs during the Haka and had a private huddle?

21

dsquared 09.08.07 at 1:26 pm

Who were the team a few years later who turned their backs on the ABs during the Haka and had a private huddle?

and by the way, why the hell shouldn’t they? It’s one thing to have your ceremony, but quite another to try and demand the level of control that the All Blacks want over what the other team does while you’re doing it. If Wales demanded that all the opposition stood stock still after their warm-up for five minutes while we paraded our goat, the complaints would be coming fairly thick and fast.

22

Alan de Bristol 09.08.07 at 1:27 pm

Wasn’t Bryan Williams in that team and a Maori?

23

Kieran Healy 09.08.07 at 1:39 pm

A quick google turns up the following result for that match: NZ 23, Ireland 9.

Ireland have never beaten New Zealand.

24

Doctor Slack 09.08.07 at 1:52 pm

I like the Irish “advance in a menacing phalanx on the haka” approach. Hopefully what’ll happen is a series of evolving and competing war dance traditions that become elaborate enough to completely replace the actual rugby.

25

thag 09.08.07 at 2:03 pm

21, 24–

Bingo. Team A has the right to stage a fancy psych-out intimidation-dance, but this creates no corresponding obligation on the part of Team B to be psyched out or intimidated, or even watch the bloody thing.

Team B should probably respond with a brief burst of merciless ridicule–pointing, laughing, rolling on the floor, say–and then turn their backs and go on with their own warm-ups.

But there’s surely nothing *wrong* with the advancing-phalanx response. What would the complaint be: it wasn’t respectful? It was intimidating?

26

thag 09.08.07 at 2:09 pm

So, e.g., Cockerill has it dead to rights here:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby_world_cup/teams/england/468273.stm

27

Adrian 09.08.07 at 2:11 pm

In some defense of dsquared: it’s not a powhiri, it’s a challenge to battle, and respecting it involves treating it as such. Mocking the funny folk-dancers would be off. But reverent awe is just the desired response, eyeballing or a “you don’t scare us” shrug are better ways to meet the challenge.

28

sleepless in wellies 09.08.07 at 2:12 pm

I recall there was a bit of debate over just how effective the haka was as a tactic. Some even claimed that the ABs concede a statistically higher number of tries in the first 10 minutes.

The theory goes that the lads get all wound up, lose all sense of proportion, and before you know it, Gregan’s slipped one to Giteau through a gap at speed, he sells the dummy, steps off his left foot and we’re left blinking. Yet again.

At least this time round, we can depend on the food.

29

astrongmaybe 09.08.07 at 2:25 pm

Great quote from the 1999 haka-disruption controversy, linked @26:

“The Haka has been part of a tradition for 100 years,” a World Cup spokesman said. “You can’t just suddenly manufacture things like that.”

30

Edis 09.08.07 at 3:31 pm

Oh yes dsquared – I agree. I remember the event (but not the team) and wondering at the time why other AB opponents did’t try similar counter-intimidation tactics.

On the suggestion that the Haka might have had temporary psychological disadvantages for the ABs themselves – well the same is sometimes said of Wales just after a full stadium has sung ‘hen wlad fy nhadau’.

(ps I am Welsh)

31

qingl78 09.08.07 at 4:03 pm

Maybe a little off topic but I was watching the ramp procession for a Dutch soldier who had died in combat and the Dutch were playing Amazing Grace on the BAG PIPES! This is the increasing Scottishisation of the worlds militaries. Cultural imperialism in its most insideous form. Certainly this is not a Dutch military tradition. I wonder what is a Dutch military tradition? Perhaps it has been such a long time since a Dutchman has been killed in combat can’t remember the tradition for it.

I’ve often been impressed by how UK military traditions/standards/methods seem to be infused into other militaries around the world. The most glaring is the Navy Blues which are worn by every navy in the world with some slight variation. When you think about it: Why Blue? Camouflage? Why light blue for the Air Forces of the world? Again, do they think that they won’t get hit if they are dressed up in light blue? Why not red, or yellow?

Obligitory Rugby:
Go Canada!

32

K R Hasan 09.08.07 at 4:44 pm

The team with Sid Going (and Brian Williams) was a great one. Going did more than just lead the Haka. There was a memorable quote from the correspondent of the Times when they finally lost – “Sid Going has been cheerfully papering over the cracks for many years now”. With PR becoming more and more important, I wouldn’t be surprised if a choreographer was brought in during later years.

33

John Emerson 09.08.07 at 6:21 pm

The Welsh actually bring their goat ladyfriend on the field with them? One goat for eleven guys?

Oh. My. God. That’s intimidation.

34

the Other Paul 09.08.07 at 8:04 pm

The Haka has also become a tradition for a high school football team in Texas with a lot of players of Tongan origin. Article here: http://www.trinitytrojanfootball.com/SB116364486631624627.html

35

Keir 09.08.07 at 10:46 pm

One goat for fifteen guys.

36

Idiot/Savant 09.08.07 at 11:30 pm

Yes, the 1979 team look like a bunch of muppets. Now they do it properly (and Kapa a Pango is a much scarier haka as well).

The Tongans have the right response: do your own. Which is what I initially thought the irish were trying to do, in their funny way of only moving their feet.

Idiot/savant
(who hates rugby, but enjoys a good haka. Hell, it’s pretty much our default national anthem).

37

albert 09.09.07 at 2:05 am

Well, in the first test of dsquared’s proposition. Italy turns their back on the haka and loses 76-14. It’s one thing to snub it, but you’ve got to be able to back up your decision.

Italian captain Azzurri: “I think we showed the All Blacks too much respect, especially at the beginning of the match.” You lose like that, you show some respect.

38

Stephen Judd 09.09.07 at 2:56 am

The haka qua haka is much older than the All Blacks. And the All Blacks have been doing it for over 100 years. I am not sure exactly what “invention” might refer to here.

“an elaborate form of military athletics invented to give a sense of national togetherness.”

As the saying goes, this isn’t even wrong. The poster hopelessly misconstrues two centuries’ worth of cultural mixing. And the analogy is broken, in that the goose step is a purely military practice and has no life outside the military and state-sanctioned performance, whereas the haka predates the military in New Zealand, is mostly performed outside the Army by civilians, and is perfectly likely to appear as a demonstration of support for people and groups opposed to authority.

In any case if any Maori cultural form were to be labelled military athletics, it would be mau rakau.

39

Kieran Healy 09.09.07 at 3:35 am

I am not sure exactly what “invention” might refer to here.

See comment 2.

40

Stephen Judd 09.09.07 at 3:43 am

Can’t you change the post title then? I saw comment 2 but didn’t connect that the comment and the post were by the same author, since they contradict each other.

41

Joshua W. Burton 09.09.07 at 3:46 am

Have we really had 40 comments without anyone mentioning this?

42

Kieran Healy 09.09.07 at 3:55 am

since they contradict each other

A concession to someone’s reasonable point is not a contradiction, and it’s not like my comment was posted under a different name from the post itself.

43

Idiot/Savant 09.09.07 at 4:46 am

the haka predates the military in New Zealand, is mostly performed outside the Army by civilians, and is perfectly likely to appear as a demonstration of support for people and groups opposed to authority.

Hell yes. Haka are a common feature of anti-government protests. The Hikoi against the foreshore and seabed bill had a particularly impressive protest march, culminating with a haka outside Parliament. The “enough is enough” march by Destiny Church’s black-clad stormtroopers (which was likened by bystanders to “a Nuremberg Rally”) did it as well. Schools do it, gangs do it, and drunk kiwis do it in London. It isn’t a military thing at all.

44

Idiot/Savant 09.09.07 at 4:51 am

Have we really had 40 comments without anyone mentioning this?

Or this?

45

Quo Vadis 09.10.07 at 1:51 am

What these Texans lack in choreography, their front man makes up for in ferocity.

46

stostosto 09.10.07 at 8:38 am

I wonder why the haka hasn’t been exported and become a craze in other Western countries? I mean we have the samba, the tango, the tai chi and karate and jiu-jitsu, to say nothing of all the American imports from jitterbug to disco, hip-hop, and line dance. I can easily see the haka being offered here as a course on what we call “the evening school” to be performed on local town festivals.

Or maybe I’m wrong and it has actually been tried but hasn’t caught on? Or maybe it has caught on but I just haven’t noticed?

47

Grand Moff Texan 09.10.07 at 5:39 pm

I wonder why the haka hasn’t been exported and become a craze in other Western countries?

Ever since the Lambada, they’ve been a bit more circumspect about these kinds of things.
.

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