Welcome, new Crooked Timber members, and thanks to my colleagues who worked hard to round folks up to join us.
I will take this opportunity to mildly self-promote my ongoing series of philosopher portraits. I just added Isaiah Berlin, and was thinking about how to round him out, in my off-color 70’s ice cream parlor style. Some ‘Crooked timber’ joke? Nah, too ready-to-hand! Not punk rock. Hence:
I’m serious. It’s interesting that both Berlin and Shklar were from Riga. (And maybe there is some Crooked Timber wisdom to be derived from the fact that Berlin’s dad was one of the largest, most prosperous timber merchants in Riga. Who is to say?)
No, but seriously. No accident two prominent, post-war liberals would be ‘straight outta Riga’, insofar as they are both proponents of what Shklar calls ‘the liberalism of fear’. Berlin, on being repeated tagged as an English philosopher, on account of being so ‘anglo’ in sensibility: “I am a Russian Jew from Riga, and all my years in England cannot change this. I love England, I have been well treated here, and I cherish many things about English life, but I am a Russian Jew; that is how I was born and that is who I will be to the end of my life.” Makes perfect sense.
I need to do my part to keep on Crooked Timbering and I was thinking about doing a post on Tyler Cowen’s piece on ‘classical liberalism and the new right’. But I think, for now, I’ll be brief. The piece suffers from an excess of charity. To wit: “The New Right thinkers are far more skeptical of elites.” This, due to New Right thinkers repeatedly saying they are skeptical of elites. But revealed preferences are a thing, too. No one who wants Trump to be President is skeptical of elites, or suffers from an inability to be trusting of government – of all things! What the New Right is skeptical of is liberalism. It doesn’t see why it shouldn’t be quite easy to have competent rule by elites (so it is excessively frustrated by ‘bad’, i.e. liberal elites. Why is this so hard?)
The problem can also be brought out by noting the uselessness of deploying ‘Woke’ in a piece in which you are being so elaborately charitable. Goose, gander: if you are so charitable to the New Right as to take them at face value, you can’t NOT do so for their target, the ‘Woke’. And then the whole thing becomes ill-defined. Charitably, ‘woke’ is just anything Democrats or liberals or leftists want that had less policy salience before, say, 2012. That’s why it’s ‘woke’ to be in favor of trans rights, but being for same-sex marriage isn’t, per se, ‘woke’. Same-sex marriage got in before the start date. (Also, we should probably start distinguishing wokeness as some elaborate, possibly CRT-inflected theory contruct, from the plain old ‘wokeness of fear’, which just comes from living in Trump’s America, from 2016-2022. Another day, another day.)
Let me conclude with an interpretive maxim: it is impossible to be coherently hermeneutically charitable to an outlook that is, itself, essentially hermeneutically suspicious in outlook, insofar as that locks you into being charitable-and-uncharitable to any view – e.g. ‘Wokeness’ – you are seeing through the eyes of the person you are attempting to be charitable to. This maxim has far-reaching consequences, if you think about it. But locally, the severe ‘paranoid style’ of the New Right (of which its cognitive dissonance in the ‘elites’ department is a tell-tale symptom) makes taking it at face value, as Cowen does, odd.
The solution is that you have to approach along two tracks, at least, in a case like this. You can ask whether some New Right ideas make a lick of sense in ‘ideal theory’. But you can’t NOT ask, at the same time, what we are to make of the fact that this view is wearing a mask, plainly. It’s ‘woke’ target is pretextual and at least quasi-confabulated. There is simply no way NOT to address that.
[POST UPDATED FOR CLARITY]
{ 23 comments }
engels 10.22.22 at 9:54 am
it’s ‘woke’ to be in favor of trans rights, but being for same-sex marriage isn’t, per se, ‘woke’. Same-sex marriage got in before the start date
Maybe because as a (sub)cultural phenomenon it has a generational as well as a partisan dimension?
engels 10.22.22 at 10:08 am
I don’t understand the seemingly widespread view that using the term “woke” is itself uncharitable/insulting/verboten when that term was originally promulgated by its adherents.
anon/portly 10.22.22 at 4:24 pm
“The piece suffers from an excess of charity.”
I’m not so sure. First of all, isn’t that basically Tyler Cowen’s thing?
But more to the point, consider carefully these two sentences, in particular the relation of the second one to the first:
My use of the term covers a broad range of sources, from Curtis Yarvin to J.D. Vance to Adrian Vermeule to Sohrab Ahmari to Rod Dreher to Tucker Carlson, and also a lot of anonymous internet discourse. Most of all I am thinking of the smart young people I meet who in the 1980s might have become libertarians, but these days absorb some mix of these other influences.
What I take him to be saying here is, yes, yes, those 6 gentlemen may at least much of the time be, in my view, in your view, in any sensible person’s view, idiots, but consider how their weight in the current discourse will inevitably influence the views of younger conservatives who are not necessarily fated to be so idiotic.
Something like that.
Mike 10.22.22 at 5:06 pm
“What the New Right is skeptical of is liberalism.”
I strongly disagree: it is far less intelligent than that.
The new right is a creation of the right-wing elites: corporations and the very wealthy. They have literally hundreds of think-tanks, media, and foundations to create and spread their propaganda. They themselves do not believe in the ideas of the new right: those are strictly for the proles. They have created and support the new right simply to be more politically powerful, to increase their wealth.
The ideas of the new right can be simply characterized as “othering” and then “promoting us and persecuting the others”. They’re that stupid. But they still appeal to many who believe they can climb over the dead bodies of the others to fulfill their goals.
anon/portly 10.22.22 at 5:18 pm
No one who wants Trump to be President is skeptical of elites, or suffers from an inability to be trusting of government – of all things!
Is this right? First, not all of the right-wing “skeptical of elites” persons of the type Cowen is discussing are Trumpers, as he points out. But also, why should this type of person, in general, not like Trump? For the person who hates “elites,” Trump certainly has “enemy of my enemy” cred.
The problem can also be brought out by noting the uselessness of deploying ‘Woke’ in a piece in which you are being so elaborately charitable. Goose, gander: if you are so charitable to the New Right as to take them at face value, you can’t NOT do so for their target, the ‘Woke’.
This is a complaint about using the term “Woke?”
Many New Right adherents see a world ever more dominated by “The Woke.”
He put the term in scare quotes, what more do you want? How else was Cowen supposed to convey the idea of this sentence, effectively? That sentence is unquestionably true.
Since the discussion or mention here is about the New Right’s view of how culturally dominant “The Woke” are, and not at all about whether their view of “The Woke” has merit, I don’t see how the issue of Cowen being charitable or not charitable to “The Woke” even comes up. Clearly “The Woke” means “as defined by the New Right” and not “as defined by Tyler Cowen.”
LFC 10.23.22 at 12:15 am
I read quickly Cowen’s piece until I got to this:
Many of the most beneficial changes in American history have come about through broad coalitions, not just from one political side or the other.
Ok, maybe, kind of. But then his example is not very good:
Libertarians such as William Lloyd Garrison played a key role [i]n anti-slavery debates, but they would not have gotten very far without support from the more statist Republicans, including Abraham Lincoln.
First, Garrison is not well described as a libertarian. He called himself a non-resistant. He was opposed to participating in the political system of a polity he saw as fatally infected by slavery, hence he opposed voting. His brand of abolitionism was important for its moral clarity about slavery, but he was both extreme and unrealistic when it came to the question of means. Lincoln, by contrast, was not an abolitionist when he ran for President in the election of 1860 (this is basic high-school U.S. history). He opposed the extension of slavery beyond where it already existed, but did not advocate its abolition. (That changed with the war and the Emancipation Proclamation, though the latter decreed the abolition of slavery only in the Confederacy, not in those border states that stayed in the Union.)
In short, framing the Garrison/Lincoln difference as one of libertarian vs. “more statist” makes little historical sense. Garrison was an agitator and journalist whose methods helped rouse consciences but in themselves would almost certainly never have led to slavery’s demise. Lincoln was a working politician who was always, until the Civil War actually broke out, open to the sort of compromises that Garrison denounced as evil. They were not really in a coalition because Garrison, to repeat, was an abolitionist who opposed participation in electoral politics, whereas Lincoln was, for much of his career, not an abolitionist and was very much involved in electoral politics. (Note there were a lot of abolitionists who did believe in participating in electoral politics, but Garrison was not one of those.) I don’t recall exactly what Garrison’s attitude toward the idea of ‘the state’ in general was, but calling him a libertarian is, I think, inaccurate or at least anachronistic.
On Cowen’s argument that the so-called New Right is more skeptical of elites than classical liberals: I don’t think this framing is quite right. Trump, for instance, stirred up and exploited popular resentment of elites but then proceeded to propose and get enacted large tax cuts for the wealthy. This suggests that elite-bashing is mostly simply a political tactic for the New Right, not a substantively held view, at least if we’re talking about economic elites (as opposed to so-called cultural elites). Far-right politicians are good at exploiting resentments, but how they govern once in power is a different matter. Trump’s policy agenda — as opposed to his rhetoric — was not really “anti-elite.” (See, e.g., Jason Stanley, How Fascism Works (2018), for further remarks on these lines. The book should have been called How Far-Right Politics Works, because that’s a more descriptively accurate title.)
Moz 10.23.22 at 12:51 am
I found the comments under the piece quite informative. I hadn’t really grasped before just how serious the new right types are. I assumed there was a lot of performative behaviour with a tiny minority of deadly serious people on the fringe. Much as I’m used to from woke groups, where there’s always someone who is fixated on something like toilet paper being a waste of resources that must be addressed before anything else can be even mentioned. But those comments… unless the post attracts a disproportionate share of fringe people there’s some scary certainty.
John Quiggin 10.23.22 at 1:45 am
What’s striking to me is Cowen’s implicit admission that, whatever happens to the Right, he is part of it. That near-universality of Republican identity politics is the crucial fact in understanding US politics and the likely demise of US democracy
https://crookedtimber.org/2022/09/05/republican-as-an-identity/
William Berry 10.23.22 at 2:16 am
Mike@4: excellent comment
The great C. Wright Mills called what you describe an “ideology of legitimation”.
An interesting point about an ideology of legitimation that is promulgated by a ruling elite is that, in being so particular in the “values” it finds congenial to its hold on power, it would be a fantastic coincidence if that ideology actually corresponded to anything actually important WRT the well-being of the mass of human beings.
Greg Koos 10.23.22 at 4:38 am
A. Lincoln’s semi-militaristic marching club was named the Wide Awakes. They did a stomp-like march. We’ve been woke for a long time.
Ingrid Robeyns 10.23.22 at 9:17 am
It’s only half off-topic, but just wanted to say that that series of philosopher’s portraits is awesome, John!
engels 10.23.22 at 10:54 am
In a sane world, after the Truss/Kwarteng debacle we wouldn’t hear any more from “classical liberals” for a hundred years.
lurker 10.24.22 at 7:36 am
@engels, 2
Its origins matter less than its current use. Cf. “political correctness” and “social justice warrior”: AFAIK both terms originated on the left but were appropriated by the right.
engels 10.24.22 at 10:54 am
Lurker, I’m not denying the meaning (if not necessarily the referent) has changed somewhat, I’m just dubious that, when that happens, a word can become taboo.
engels 10.24.22 at 10:59 am
Ie. it used to mean “cool people who are committed to an extreme form of meritocratic liberalism,” now it means “annoying people who are committed to an extreme form of meritocratic liberalism”
J, not that one 10.25.22 at 5:48 pm
“ Let me conclude with an interpretive maxim: it is impossible to be coherently hermeneutically charitable to an outlook that is, itself, essentially hermeneutically suspicious in outlook, insofar as that locks you into being charitable-and-uncharitable to any view – e.g. ‘Wokeness’ – you are seeing through the eyes of the person you are attempting to be charitable to.”
I think whether this is true in every case depends on whether it’s possible to be coherently charitable-and-uncharitable to yourself. If you can, then you can be ccau to any group that’s suspicious of yourself. Say, if you define “humility” as the virtue of being consistently suspicious of yourself, and charitable to anyone suspicious of yourself (rather than charitable pure and simple). This seems to be the position taken by centrists like Cowen who identify themselves as “liberal but charitable to anti-liberals.” Their mistake is going from “criticism of me must always be taken seriously” to “criticism of anybody who shares an attribute with me (because they’re essentially identical to me” must always be taken seriously. This is what people often mean by “class traitor,” etc., etc.
Can you even be coherently suspicious of yourself? That’s the question. If Cowen could, presumably he’d ask himself whether his public writing is coherent, and find that it isn’t, and change. Since it’s obvious he can’t, he projects the suspicion onto other people who (he thinks) share his attributes.
That could probably be clearer with more caffeine and a bigger comment box.
anon/portly 10.26.22 at 5:12 am
16 Cowen [identifies himself] as “liberal but charitable to anti-liberals.”
Maybe Cowen’s “coherence” problem is rooted in an inability or disinclination to make up wacky things about people he doesn’t like?
JPL 10.26.22 at 6:20 am
The term ‘woke’ derives, I think, ultimately from the esoteric traditions, but its meaning has been distorted and trivialised so much that any continuity with the esoteric terms has been lost.
LFC @6:
I would say that ‘fascist’ and ‘far right’ express different meanings, but neither of them is descriptively very accurate wrt the phenomenon we are all trying to understand. There seems to be a unified phenomenon manifested these days “increasingly” in many different parts of the world, although the most virulent ones seem to arise out of the European cultures. But I have not seen any accurate description of unifying properties, or rather any unified understanding of a possible single objective phenomenon. (What unifies the lists of Eco, Snyder, Stanley, etc.?) So far the best I can do for a label is the rather unspecified “primitivism’, but I’m not satisfied with it. Cassirer developed a notion of ‘mythical thought’ perhaps to try to understand what might be the phenomena in question. It’s difficult to describe the derangements of logic (involving not just the formal inferences, but also what Brandom calls “material inferences” involving referential content, e.g., causal relations) that characterize the maladaptive conventional intelligence of (what is for now, until they “awaken”, in the esoteric sense) the Republican electorate. (How is it that all these ordinary people out in the rural areas, e.g., can not recognize as utter rubbish the verbal emissions of GOP politicians specifically?) I would however conjecture that the phenomenon is a logical, rather than a psychological. one. The conditions for meaningful debate do not exist at this point. (BTW, I think a similar problem arises for the term ‘authoritarianism’: I don’t think it accurately enough describes the conventional understanding of what governance is and ought to be as held by the current Republican electorate.)
engels 10.26.22 at 8:56 pm
its meaning has been distorted and trivialised so much that any continuity with the esoteric terms has been lost
Yes, but it wasn’t really the right who did that.
LFC 10.27.22 at 9:32 pm
JPL @18
Thank you for the comment; I don’t have much to say right now, but am thinking about it.
JPL 10.28.22 at 6:22 am
engels @19:
That’s right; it’s been mainly the “pseudo-left”.
J, not that one 10.28.22 at 1:54 pm
I guess @17 is addressed to me, and cleverly hints that I’m making up wacky lies about Cowen. I think it’s not in doubt that Cowen considers himself a classical liberal and that his charity to anti-liberals involves the fact that they criticize attributes classical liberals tend to share with what in America we call liberals. I’m almost certain I’ve seen him use the “(classical) liberal” label with respect to himself, though maybe that was a long time ago. But I guess I’m not as charitable as you are, as I don’t assume things I don’t immediately agree with must be “wacky”.
J, not that one 10.28.22 at 2:03 pm
“ In particular, my own preferred slant of classical liberalism is being replaced.”
That’s in the first screen of the linked article, which unless I’m mistaken is under Cowen’s byline. National conservatism is, I would say, more than slightly opposed to classical liberalism.
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