I’ve been following the French presidential elections at second hand; as “Philip Stevens”:http://www.ft.com/cms/s/dc241e40-b261-11db-a79f-0000779e2340.html says in the _FT_, they seem to herald some interesting political changes, no matter who wins.
As one shrewd observer puts it, Mr Sarkozy is a social outsider but a political insider. Ms Royal is a social insider who has reinvented herself as a political outsider. No matter. Neither pays homage to the ancien régime. Talk to those who grace Paris’s political salons and the first thing they will say is that Mr Sarkozy is not an énarque – a graduate of the prestigious Ecole Nationale d’Administration. The second, that he is not an intellectual. The third – by now the scorn crackles in the air – that, until recently, he has not even sought the counsel of intellectuals. … Ms Royal similarly seems an unlikely king. … The daughter of an army officer, she is an énarque. It was as a student at ENA that she met her partner, François Hollande, the Socialist party leader. Something, though, went awry. To snatch the candidacy, she scorned the party chiefs. She made herself the choice instead of public opinion – a brutal affront to the authority of the old guard as well as to the presidential ambitions of her partner.
Sarkozy in particular is fascinating. While journalists usually compare him with Margaret Thatcher, he seems to me to to have a lot more in common with Richard Nixon (I’ve recently read a draft of Rick Perlstein’s _Nixonland_, so this analogy is on my mind). Sarkozy isn’t a true believer; what marks him is less his commitment to a cause than his extraordinary ideological suppleness. He’s been quite happy to abandon his pro-US stance, and to moderate his opinions on free markets to boost his chances of winning (Nixon went through similar ideological contortions on his way to power). But where the Nixon comparison really seems apt is in the source of his appeal and the psychological factors driving him. The first is a combination of law-and-order, barely concealed appeals to racism, and capitalization on widespread and not unjustified resentment of the dominance of political elites. His anti-intellectualism isn’t a bug; it’s part of what makes him attractive to many voters. The second is that like Nixon, he wasn’t a member of aforementioned elite, nor did he have a happy upbringing, and both continue to rankle. According to an interview quoted in a 2002 _Le Monde_ article (“behind a paywall”:http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=775337) Sarkozy claims that “what made me is the sum of my childhood humiliations.” As best as I’m aware, Sarkozy, despite his fine gift for political opportunism, hasn’t done anything that begins to resemble Nixon’s assemblage of dirty tricks – insofar as I understand the Clearstream affair (which isn’t very far), he’s more sinned against than sinning. So the analogy isn’t perfect. Nonetheless, he surely deserves to someday have his very own Garry Wills.
{ 22 comments }
John Emerson 02.07.07 at 3:02 am
And if Segolene gets in, maybe she can ingratiate herself with the American right with dogwhistle evocations of her Greenpeace-killing brother. She’s not from a cheese-eating family.
P O'Neill 02.07.07 at 4:05 am
It’s an interesting analogy. Sarko had his wilderness years following the jump to the Balladur camp in 1995 much as Nixon following the loss to JFK. But I think Sarko is a more effective populist than Nixon was, and hopefully not as loony, especially in the latter years.
Farhang 02.07.07 at 4:06 am
The comparison with Nixon is intriguing but I don’t but it. I cannot find a better comparison though, and it’s not a coincidence. I grew up in France and have lived in the US for the past decade or so. Being Iranian, it is not a picnic in either country but the French have a particularly more vicious brand of racism, in my experience, which Sarkozy embodies. It is a profound nationalist racism, the kind that is not found in the main political discourse of Americans.
It seems to me that in America as long as you are willing to go along with the system – especially the economy – then you can be fine. As a foreigner, you will have a glass ceiling, but you are ok if you don’t rock the boat. In France, there is no way of being “integrated;†there is no “in.” Sarko is from an immigrant family, but a white one. Let’s never forget that. No matter how hard you try, as an Arab, African, or South Asian, you just can’t get in.
I know it sounds like a vast oversimplification but I read the rest of his political profile through this particular lens. His so-called “anti intellectualism†for instance. To begin with, he is not at all an anti-intellectual. You can’t get elected in France if you are. But by adopting an anti-elite discourse, he is appealing to the heartland, the pure French, the same clientele that Le Pen goes after. The elite is now associated with Europe (therefore not France) and he is milking that sentiment. His economic policies – his so called free-market penchant – are not very credible either. He would never open the border, allow for greater trade, etc. He does want a more prosperous economy; he does want faster growth; and he has managed to sell that to many people but again it is because he wins the argument by appealing to the old, long gone glorious days of the Republique. It is France’s pride that is at stake, more than the actual economy. He said that when he walks around NYC, he sees proud Americans; that’s not the case in Paris and he wants that back.
Andre Glucksmann officially threw his support behind Sarko. Some see it as Sarkozy’s great appeal (he is a “uniter” too); it frankly speaks to Glucksmann’s own ignorance, more than to Sarkozy’s abilities. More importantly, in his article in Le Monde, Glucksmann defended Sarkozy’s “humanist†foreign policy. I am yet to see Sarkozy say anything close to humanism. Even once. There is a despotic benevolence to his politics, a kind of white man’s burden, but no more.
Royal is no real opponent. She is banking on an already deflating image. Sarkozy is far more manipulative than people give him credit for – he is also far more dangerous, in my experience. I think that for once Nixon is better off in the comparison.
Omri 02.07.07 at 4:49 am
The lumpenphp fora of the French web is rife with scaremongering about Sarko the Magyar dwarf and Sarko the Jewboy, and it’s the pro-Sarko faction that is tinged with racism? Have you considered the possibility that the real reason behind the French electorate’s desire for law and order isn’t racism, but, well, the lack of law and order, i.e. the upsurge in violent crime around France?
Farhang 02.07.07 at 6:07 am
I am not sure who the “you” of “have you considered” is…but what does it even mean? What “real” possibility? Any stats about French crime rates? Is there any visible lack of law and order? Granted that I did not provide any stats either (because again there is no obvious sign of collapse), I can at least testify first hand what it’s like being perfectly innocent and having to deal with the French establishment.
I don’t care about Sarkozy’s height or religion; I care when he comes on TV and manages to fuel the riots by using words like “racaille”. Riots were dying down and were localized before he said that; there is no way around this.
You need to do better than insulting his critiques if you wish to save him.
a 02.07.07 at 6:17 am
“Sarko is from an immigrant family, but a white one. Let’s never forget that.” Yeah, he’s from a rich immigrant family that started in the 16th arrondissement. So what?
“As best as I’m aware, Sarkozy, despite his fine gift for political opportunism, hasn’t done anything that begins to resemble Nixon’s assemblage of dirty tricks.” Maybe not (and the operative word is “maybe”), but he strikes the fear of God into people, because they know he is ruthless. Woe to the person who is on his wrong side should he get elected, because that person will wish he had not been born.
Omri 02.07.07 at 7:13 am
Farhang, I was attacking Henry perceiving racism in the Sarko faction when the anti-Sarkos are downright blatantly racist, but you deserve to be called on for the same failing. In case you don’t know, it was an Arab woman in a banlieue who used the word racaille (scum) to describe the thugs who make her world miserable and asking for Sarko’s intervention.
I suppose he should have chided her for trying to make a distinction between the racaille who have made the banlieues into hellholes and the poor slobs who are merely stuck living in them? Clearly the enlightened thing to do is to tar them all in the same brush, and then feign sensitivity by making the suburbs into a new country where French authority holds no sway.
Omri 02.07.07 at 7:44 am
Anyway, if anyone here doubts the law and order problem in France right now, here’s a taste of what’s been going on. Is it racist to want this kind of thing stamped out? Extra credit question: is it racist to be an Arab in France and want this kind of thing stamped out?
Other question: As far as I can see from reading the same news sources the Timberite crowd reads every day, Sarkozy has a brain and a track record of using it, both to advance his career and for education in general. What is closer to the truth: that his supporters are anti-intellectual, or that his detractors are fetishists clinging to the coat of arms of the Parisian Grandes Ecoles? Contrast with Valery d’Estaing, who felt so emboldened by his work in cobbling together the proposed EU constitution, to compare himself to Thomas Jefferson, apparently not knowing that Jefferson opposed the US Constitution. Of Sarkozy and d’Estaing, which better deserves the label?
Extra credit question: should France consider building parallel grandes ecoles in Lyons, Marseilles, and/or Rennes, so that like in the US, the elite would have no fetishes of authority to wield over the rest of the country?
JLS 02.07.07 at 8:10 am
As a french I see that Sarkozy in fact looks more and more like Chirac but younger.
He says everything and the opposite.
The father of Sarkozy was a hungarian aristocrat that owns a farm of 2000 people.
He came in France because of communism.
He is from Neuilly the richest city in France.
But he is not too much elitist.
“Extra credit question: should France consider building parallel grandes ecoles in Lyons, Marseilles, and/or Rennes, so that like in the US, the elite would have no fetishes of authority to wield over the rest of the country?”
Grandes Ecoles are mostly in PAris but not especially. also in Lyons, Strasbourg (ENA now).
Intellectual in fact are rather for Sarkozy.
And Show biz too, they live in the same city as him (Neuilly).
Hasan Jafri 02.07.07 at 8:16 am
Your Nixon analogy is on the money. Sarkozy is incongruously clumsy, a lugubrious political creature pining for approval. Like Tricky Dick, Sullen Sarko has a five o’clock shadow that plunges most flat-screens t.v’s into darkness. His name sounds awfully close to some incurable and as yet undiscovered form of brain cancer. And people expect he’ll get creamed in any debate with Segolene Royal, even if she’s not from a Green-loving, cheese-eating family. He inspires so much anger that decent French people who don’t live vicariously otherwise are counting the days till Segolene Royal crushes him under high heels.
One reason reason they anxiously anticipate his demise is, given his politics, really ironic: He’s a foreigner. Sarkozy is branded as an outsider, and is not seen as French in the social sense. The reason he didn’t go to ENA is because it’s highly unlikely he would have been accepted. This establishes his race-baiting as analogous to the red-baiting antics of Richard Nixon, the Warring Quaker. Like Nixon, Sarkozy has gained acceptance among right-wing voters by playing on xenophobia and racism. He’s an odd man, soon to be the odd man out.
abb1 02.07.07 at 8:25 am
Is it racist to want this kind of thing stamped out?
When you put it this way, my reaction is: yeah, sounds like it may be sorta racist or fascist to want this kind of thing stamped out – as opposed to cured (or rehabilitated or whatever the right word may be). I’ll admit that this is merely a knee-jerk reaction, though.
bert 02.07.07 at 9:26 am
whatever the right word may be
“Tackled”.
Polls well in focus groups apparently. Sarko was in London last week, he might pick it up.
Z 02.07.07 at 9:26 am
Insofar as I understand the Clearstream affair (which isn’t very far), he’s more sinned against than sinning.
He did use Renseignements generaux (French police intelligence department) to spy on members of the Royal team and possibly on Royal herself. He did “accidentally” let slip the details of Herve Gaymard’s lodging facilities to a Figaro journalist, thereby terminating the career of his supposed ally and hastening his come-back into the government. He also was a key figure in the attribution of kick-backs in the attribution of housing projects in the 80s and 90s (in fairness to him, most of the french political class had some role in that). And I would dispute your characterisation of the Clearstream affair.
nor did he have a happy upbringing
He might have been unhappy, but he did grow up in a mansion in one of the wealthiest part of Paris and went to elite private schools.
Omri, I live in France and read a fair bit of criticism of Sarkozy. I never saw mentionned the fact that he was Jewish. Which is understandable, for CT readers that might not follow French politics too closely, seeing that Sarkozy is not Jewish, but a practicing roman catholic (and of that incidentally, you will read tons of criticisms, as a sizeable part of the French electorate cares very deeply about laicite).
bad Jim 02.07.07 at 10:25 am
Nixon used to bring his classmates home for a dinner of beans and spaghetti, which for him was proof of authenticity. Later, he didn’t seem to mind being known as the Senator from Pepsi-Cola.
We so far have survived his presidency, though not without some scarring.
yabonn 02.07.07 at 1:16 pm
About the upbringing, and following z : his full name would be Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa : very aristocratic, and rich. This archi-insider can do the “childhood humiliation” dance because the media lets him.
He is an “intellectual” too, like all the others, but his grammar is fascinating – each sentence trying to be a proof of the folksy common widsom of the man : a little more familiar than usual on television (“Mahame Chabot”), yet precise. It plays well in the media, who is in full poujadist mode these days. If only he could conceal his obvious enjoyment of power, he’d be a near perfect demagogue.
About the dirty tricks, he said the advantage of his interior ministry is that you’re on the good side of them.
otto 02.07.07 at 1:55 pm
This has been an interesting thread. From afar, it seems to me that Sarko is running less as Nixon, for whom law-n-order was but one part of a much wider set of ambitions, and more as Giuliani, law’n’order tout court, a sign of the much more limited ambitions of French politicians these days.
john c. halasz 02.07.07 at 2:32 pm
omri:
“Jefferson opposed the U.S. Constitution” Whaaa!?!?!? Why don’t you consult your old friend google.
nick s 02.07.07 at 3:02 pm
should France consider building parallel grandes ecoles in Lyons, Marseilles, and/or Rennes, so that like in the US, the elite would have no fetishes of authority to wield over the rest of the country?
Now that’s even funnier than ‘George W. Bush: Andover, Yale and Harvard Business School’ — who ran against a Harvard grad and a Yale grad.
True, Skull and Bones isn’t quite the same as being an énarque, but the difference is primarily one of presentation. Which may be the case here, if Sarko is playing prolier-than-thou just as Bush has been on a ten-year mission to cornpone himself ever further.
It appears that Ségo’s missteps since winning the nomination were already on display in the final stages of the Socialist primary, and the PS face the problem of weighing down her campaign with thoughts of oh-no-not-again. My gut feeling is is that Royal may slowly bleed to the finish line — she has the ironic advantage of an already-established level of haplessness — but that Sarko has the potential to blow it in a fairly spectacular way.
(But I really ought to track this more thoroughly.)
Peter 02.07.07 at 3:06 pm
All these “law and order” fears in France make me laugh. It’s much ado about almost nothing. The nationwide riots that tore through France in late 2005 resulted in a grand total of one death. If there were riots on a similar scale in the United States the death toll would be way into the hundreds.
Sk 02.07.07 at 6:13 pm
A politically wishy-washy outsider who suffered a terrible childhood? Actually, that sounds like Clinton.
Sk
Frenchvoter 02.07.07 at 6:24 pm
About Sarko’s Childhood:
I fathom only one explication for how he was “humiliated”: his mother was a single-mother, left by the father.
That could be a problem, when you live in a place like Neuilly, even with enough money and education on his mother side. It was definitely not the bronx, and very traditionalist. They have social criteria for defining an outsider.
I reckon it can be humiliating, if you have an ego big enough for becoming one day candidate to the presidency. And it can hamper your scolarity at the wrong time, which put yout out of the ENA race. But not every bright ambitious student can get in anyway.
For his outsider side: his upbringing was morphed by his mother’s family and is definitely french bourgeois.
No twenty-something outsider would have ever dated the daughter of Chirac (or close to it, with the french media I will never know what the rumor holds).
And about the jew/hungarian roots and his family history: I learned it the hungary bit 2-3 yearss ago, and the rest of it in 2006 only. Without internet, the blogs and google I would probably never have known the details.
So, let’s resume. So much for his outsider side: he botched slightly his studies, and ended as a lawyer (not so good on that scale in France).
For the rest, he is a plain politic insider (Leader of the Young RPRs).
trialsanderrors 02.09.07 at 6:29 am
Extra credit question: should France consider building parallel grandes ecoles in Lyons, Marseilles, and/or Rennes, so that like in the US, the elite would have no fetishes of authority to wield over the rest of the country?
U.S. higher education = the beacon of egalitarianism.
I learn something new every day.
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