Douthat On Digital Barbarism

by John Holbo on June 23, 2009

Matthew Yglesias goes way too easy on Ross Douthat’s book review of Mark Helprin’s Digital Barbarism: A Writer’s Manifesto [amazon].

Let’s start with the book itself. It is, I gather, a grossly metastasized, page-wise, rewrite of his shockingly ignorant (it was widely and correctly noted at the time) NY Times op-ed from a couple years back, “A Great Idea Lives Forever, Shouldn’t Its Copyright?”. And why exactly does it follow that terrible ideas deserve book deals, one might ask? (Here’s the exhaustive wiki-buttal that op-ed inspired.)

Larry Lessig wrote a long review of Barbarism last month, which he followed up here. Having not read Helprin’s book – and I even read Jonah Goldberg’s book, sweet heaven help and forgive me! – I’m not in a position to add anything except that Lessig’s response leaves me in little doubt that Helprin has contrived to learn nothing from that initial op-ed debacle. He still has no idea whatsoever what the other side’s views are, let alone what the grounds for them might be. (I guess there’s something inadvertently apt about the ‘barbarism’ in his title, if it’s true that the term derives from some Proto-Indo-European speaker’s sense that foreigners are just going ‘bar-bar’, not actually saying anything.)

You think it’s unfair to speak so ill of a book I haven’t read? Perhaps you are right. But read this excerpt and judge whether even a saint with some actual knowledge of the issue could endure to read hundreds of pages more from an author who thinks his damn ear of corn anecdote makes any relevant sense. (We’re supposed to be bowled over by the insight that stealing food might be stealing? The Lessigs of the world must have missed the concept of private property, whole cloth? Nothing else could explain why they hold these strange views?)

But I have read the Douthat op-ed, so let me complain that it is afflicted with the worst sort of higher-Broderism on stilts. We get the falsest sorts of split-the-intellectual-difference gestures. Douthat says Helprin has strong arguments, while conceding the presention is cranky. But either the arguments are the old, bad ones, in which case the cranky presentation is not even the worst of it. Or they are new, in which case it would be a good idea to say what they are. Douthat: “it’s hard to imagine a reader new to this debate who wouldn’t find [Lessig’s] Free Culture more convincing than Digital Barbarism.” Yes, but it’s even harder to imagine a reader old to this debate who wouldn’t take Lessig’s side. That’s the real problem.

As I was saying, Douthat gives us phony difference-splitting:

This doesn’t mean that Lessig is right and Helprin is not. On the broader question of Internet culture, Helprin’s pessimistic vision has a great deal to recommend it. Where the critics of copyright perceive the Internet age as a potential Renaissance being blocked by overconsolidated corporations, Helprin worries, plausibly, that the spirit of perpetual acceleration threatens to carry all before it, frenzying our politics, barbarizing our language and depriving us of the kind of artistic greatness that isn’t available on Twitter feeds. The fact that he gave in to the frenzy himself is regrettable, but it doesn’t make him wrong.

But see how backwards this is. Helprin is allegedly standing up for individual freedom – creator’s rights. (Actually he is standing up for feudalism; but let’s even waive that problem.) But Douthat, if he is making a point about copyright at all, must be arguing that strong copyright protection could effect a salutary clampdown on internet frenzy. Whatever the argument is supposed to be for that, it can hardly be an argument for freedom, can it? And what is the argument even supposed to be? Maybe ‘only a fool writes, except for money – unless it’s a twitter feed, which sane people write for free. So if it comes to pass that people’s descendants can’t aggressively rent-seek on grandad’s novels, which they’ve never been able to do at any earlier period of history, they’ll tweet forever and the culture will die of ADD.’ And for this they pay Douthat the big bucks?

But he didn’t actually say that (you reasonably object.) Fine. Whatever. There’s a serious problem with whatever cultural grumble Douthat is not articulating here. If the argument is turning into some sort of suggestion that people shouldn’t be permitted to participate in Lessig-favored ‘free culture’-style activity (because no one’s arguing that you should be forced, after all), or even that these activities should be frowned on as less worthy than reading long Helprin novels, that’s hardly going to be an argument for individual freedom. So what the hell is the cultural malaise point even supposed to be, in relation to the copyright argument?

Having set the ‘they’ve both got good points’ mood, by striking a note of cultural complaint – without actually stating the complaint – Douthat proceeds to the copyright issue proper:

On the narrower question of how and whether copyright law should be adjusted, meanwhile — and it is a narrow question, the claims of both sides notwithstanding — there might actually be a middle ground. Helprin is persuasive when he argues that copyright’s disappearance would be a slow-motion disaster, and plausible when he argues that the direct costs of letting his descendants continue to profit from sales of “A Soldier of the Great War” are minor or even nonexistent. But Lessig and company are equally plausible when they suggest that the copyright laws that protect the Helprin family’s intellectual property can be misused, usually by lawyered-up corporations, to block the kind of creative borrowing and reworking that early generations of artists took for granted.

Why not, then, simultaneously extend copyright and narrow its scope?

But why not, instead, NOT extend copyright and narrow its scope? Or contract copyright, while narrowing its scope. Why do we need a middle-ground between Lessig and Helprin? It’s not as though they are rough intellectual equals on this issue. (Unless Douthat knows better.)

Some economists have indeed explored the idea that it might make sense to eliminate IP. (There was a good podcast about this at that hotbed of socialism, Econ Talk, a couple weeks back. Damn commies. Why don’t they just shut down the whole George Mason Econ Department?) But mostly the likes of Lessig maintain, with what can only be described as exquisite moderation, that copyright is a good thing but it should be limited. There aren’t actually any serious arguments (that I’ve heard) for the Helprin line that there would be more overall benefits than costs to infinite (indefinite) copyright extension. Except for that old feudal stand-by: rent-seeking is fine for the rent-seeker. If Helprin has a fresh argument that careful students of this issue have totally missed, Douthat should be trumpeting it. Since he doesn’t, I’m guessing it reduces to Halperin’s grumbles about ‘barbarism’ which is, at best, utterly beside the point.

The final graph is a gem of bizarro-world solomonic wisdom.

Maybe this sort of system would turn out to be impractical. But it’s only one of the many bridges one could imagine between a principled defense of artistic property rights and a principled defense of artistic freedom. It’s a shame that Helprin was too busy wrestling with the monkeys and mouth-breathing morons to try building it.

Douthat is laboring to give readers the impression that Helprin is in any sense holding the non-monkey higher ground, a proposition subject to grave doubt. What is worse: readers will come away with the vague sense that the Lessigs of the world owe us, for some obscure reason, fresh arguments against extending some (vaguely narrowed?) copyright yet further – 200 years? 300? In perpetuity? The presumption should be in favor of extension? When, in fact, all serious students of this issue pretty much agree that, whatever is to be done, there is no reason why that should be done.

Now I’ve got that out of my system. Thanks for bearing with me.

{ 107 comments }

1

mpowell 06.23.09 at 10:19 am

It didn’t take long for Douthat did it? He used to just be a garden variety conservative commentator struggling to look respectable defending the indefensible. But as he begins the transformation into David Broder, he loses the ability to make a decent argument on any topic at all- even one in which his party identification doesn’t force him to make arguments in poor faith.

2

Tom Hurka 06.23.09 at 10:32 am

Well, if you’re going to criticize a book for having “no idea whatsoever what the other side’s ideas are,” I would have thought it a good idea to read the book first. Otherwise you just might confirm certain writers’ prejudices about the internet.

3

yabonn 06.23.09 at 10:39 am

I even read Jonah Goldberg’s book

Ha, ha!

4

Bunbury 06.23.09 at 10:58 am

Margaret Dwyer’s comment, it’s the first, on the second link is rather wonderful.

5

dsquared 06.23.09 at 11:06 am

fantastic stuff, John!

I have to say I disagree on prudential grounds with Tom Hurka’s proposed implicit duty to reread an article you disagreed with when it comes out in book form. It makes more sense to put the onus on the book author to state upfront what’s new about the book-length version so that reviewers can summarise it, or to write another succinct article summarising why the book isn’t vulnerable to the criticisms made of the article.

Otherwise we’ve got something like a version of the heckler’s veto for bores, who can always defend themselves against deserved criticism by churning out a hundred widely-spaced pages and multiplying their claims on our precious time by a factor of ten or more in a sort of squid-ink defence. Which isn’t to say that people shouldn’t write books or expand on their articles, just that they shouldn’t complain excessively when someone takes the article (which did, after all, go out with their name on it) as a stand alone work.

6

Bunbury 06.23.09 at 11:24 am

The second Lessig link that is, his follow up.

7

Phil 06.23.09 at 11:51 am

I started reading that excerpt, but I gave up. Speaking as a Marxist, I was genuinely interested to hear how Helprin would make his case that liberty (of any kind) depends on property rights (of the kind we know and love), so it was a bit of a let-down to find that his major premise was “Stalinism’s bad, m’kay?”

And besides… did he really, genuinely, hand-on-heart truly stop to argue the toss with that farmer? When I was a kid in the country, we thought we had a right to nick stuff from just about anywhere we could get into unchallenged (not that I personally exercised that right very often, you understand), but we knew damn well that the local farmers wouldn’t see it that way. Twerp.

8

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 12:05 pm

As to my not reading the book: if Helprin has, up his sleeve, some fantastic econ argument for infinite copyright extension that is going to rock the Austrian school George Masonite free marketeer Hayekheads and the die-hard Marxist friends of Ché back on their heels simultaneously with the brilliance of its neo-feudalism, I am more than happy to take my lumps with the rest. A ride like that would be worth the intellectual humiliation of having written an ignorant post, foolishly denouncing the greatest breakthrough in freakonomics in living memory. If that is indeed what I have done.

And if there is such a brilliant argument, and Douthat just forgot to mention it, while noodling around with vague cultural complaints, then I think Douthat should take his lumps along with the rest of us.

9

dsquared 06.23.09 at 12:39 pm

I’m reminded of Will Self’s great line “Does it turn into Tolstoy at page 205?”

10

alex 06.23.09 at 12:52 pm

Will Self is a class act, I wonder what he thinks about neo-feudal copyright?

11

Preachy Preach 06.23.09 at 1:03 pm

Will Self can be forgiven a lot for that debate.

12

rea 06.23.09 at 1:27 pm

Infinite copyright extension?

How many descendants does Homer, have, and to whom do we pay the royalties? Should Tennyson, not to mention Joyce, be prosecuted posthumously for plagiarism?

13

alkali 06.23.09 at 1:51 pm

I agree in general with the points made here, but I don’t see the need for the Douthat-thwacking. By the genteel standards of the NYT Book Review, Douthat delivered an extremely negative and almost explicitly derisive assessment of the book.

14

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 2:04 pm

“By the genteel standards of the NYT Book Review, Douthat delivered an extremely negative and almost explicitly derisive assessment of the book.”

Well, maybe that’s true. But if you are too genteel to write reviews that are harsher than this, I think you should be too genteel to review books this bad. (Again, if there is some bold neofeudo-freakonomic thing about to happen, I’ll eat my words.)

15

EIS 06.23.09 at 2:31 pm

Sometimes a blog post is just a blog post.

16

ajay 06.23.09 at 2:39 pm

How many descendants does Homer, have, and to whom do we pay the royalties? Should Tennyson, not to mention Joyce, be prosecuted posthumously for plagiarism?

I think it’s safe to say that, after the conquest of Greece by the Ottoman Empire, the rights to the Iliad, whichever private citizen or governmental entity had them beforehand, became the property of the Sublime Porte, like every other asset in Greece*. The rights were not mentioned as being ceded in the Treaty of London which established the independent Kingdom of Greece in 1829, and may therefore be assumed to have remained with the Porte. The royalties should therefore be sent to the Porte’s successor, the government of the Turkish Republic.
For similar reasons (acquisition by internationally recognised conquest, followed by an absence of cession), the royalties for the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh should be sent to the same address.
(* eg the Elgin Marbles)

17

Jacob T. Levy 06.23.09 at 2:47 pm

I think dsquared is right about the articles-into-books phenomenon– and not only for the pragmatic reason of time-saving.

If someone writes a very bad public-intellectual argument (say, for the Atlantic, or LRB, or NYROB), and then expands it into a public-intellectual book, the rest of us are faced with a number of choices:

1) Buy the book, thereby contributing directly to the royalties of the bad public intellectual– surely undesirable, not least because it creates a perverse incentive structure (the worse and more inflammatory my stupid article today, provided only that it can get published in a prestige place, the higher my royalties tomorrow);

2) shut up about the whole thing, because we haven’t read the book and therefore aren’t entitled to an opinion– which insulates the author from criticism to some degree, since it’s people with critical views who are most likely to want to avoid contributing to the author’s bottom line;

3) continue to treat the original article as a legitimate statement of the view, subject to correction.

(Yes, I know: as a grad school friend observed on walking into my grad school dorm room, “there are things called ‘libraries’ that will let you read books without having to buy them.” But I’d much rather see people do #3 than either #2 or #1, and would much rather do so myself.)

18

Preachy Preach 06.23.09 at 2:48 pm

Using Ajay’s logic, I do wonder where NASA should post its royalty cheques for use of the heliocentric solar system – Germany, Poland or Russia?

19

alex 06.23.09 at 2:54 pm

@18 – ah, you are missing the important distinction between finding stuff out and making shit up, on which the concept of copyright depends. I note approvingly that Ajay places the Bible in the latter category…

20

CJColucci 06.23.09 at 2:56 pm

Here’s my take on Douthat: ignore him. William Irvingson Kristol had the Times’ house wingnut gig and he flamed out. He was consistently and hacktacularly wrong, but I’m convinced that what really did him in was that he didn’t generate any buzz. We should try the same startegy on Douthat, who isn’t interesting enough to react to. Too late to try that on David Brooks, alas.

21

Preachy Preach 06.23.09 at 2:57 pm

alex> Copernicus should have gone for a business method patent…

22

Stuart 06.23.09 at 2:58 pm

Sometimes a blog post is just a blog post.

I hope you are planning on paying David Freud a load of cash for creating a derivative work based on his great grandfather’s words! (if he really said them)

23

ben a 06.23.09 at 3:04 pm

I don’t really understand what analytic point is furthered by describing extension of copyright as “feudal.” As far as I can tell, Douthat’s only claim about extension of copyright is that Helprin is “plausible when he argues that the direct costs of letting his descendants continue to profit from sales of “A Soldier of the Great War” are minor or even nonexistent.” That seems accurate. But it appears that the majority of John’s complaint is that Douthat must take on board Lessig as the default view on copyright. But is the Lessig view on copyright the default view that the average newspaper columnist must defer to on pain of being foolish? Answer: no, and no.

24

Kadin 06.23.09 at 3:07 pm

Good lord, that excerpt is awful. Near as I can tell it amounts to

Some people think that copyright extension is a bad thing. But did they ever consider the possibility that maybe it isn’t? Huh? Also, Lawrence Lessig is a communist.

25

dsquared 06.23.09 at 3:15 pm

there are things called ‘libraries’ that will let you read books without having to buy them

Sadly, in the UK at least, authors are compensated for having their books borrowed from libraries via the Public Lending Right (this amounts to a material sum for Catherine Cookson, and pennies for everyone else, apparently, but the point of principle is there). And if you read the book in a bookshop, there’s a danger that you might drop it or otherwise damage it, meaning that the shop can’t send it back to the publisher. If you steal a copy, the original owner might buy a replacement. A friend in the publishing industry ended up concluding that the only morally acceptable way to read a book published by an author whose politics you despise is to break into his house (or his publisher’s offices) and steal one of the promotional copies.

26

Preachy Preach 06.23.09 at 3:27 pm

How about buying an ex-review copy from a second hand bookshop?

(One of the ones in Stoke Newington ends up with lots of them, which is revealing of that place’s demographics.)

27

Henry 06.23.09 at 3:31 pm

I actually disagree John – I thought that this was a pretty good review, right up until the final paragraph where things did go pear shaped. As I read the review, Helprin (whose book I haven’t read either) isn’t only making stupid arguments about copyright – he is complaining that the Internets are making us all more liable to behave badly, shout at each other using ill-formed prose and all of the rest of it. And this is what Douthat seems to be complaining about in his piece – e.g. the transition bit about “on the broader question of Internet culture.”

The review passed my first basic test of a good review with flying colours: e.g. if the book is a bad book, would the review make you less likely to buy it, and if it is a good book, would you be more inclined. Douthat makes it abundantly clear that this is a book of the bad kind – the paragraph:

As the tone of that last line suggests, alas, it’s hard to write a polemic premised on the assumption that your opponents are monkeys without sounding like a particularly high-vocabulary monkey yourself. Helprin variously describes his foes as “wacked-out muppets,” “crapulous professors,” “regular users of hallucinogenic drugs,” “a My Little Pony version of the Khmer Rouge,” “a million geeks in airless basements,” “mouth-breathing morons in backwards baseball caps and pants that fall down” and so forth. The overall effect is like listening to an erudite gentleman employing $20 words while he screams at a bunch of punk kids to get off his front lawn.

was quite well done, I thought. Also the bit about:

Lessig is not a tenth the writer that Helprin is, but he has other gifts — the ability to argue in a calm and ordered fashion; the capacity to at least pretend to give the other side its due; and the ability to avoid fevered prose and name-calling while making a controversial case.

which makes it quite clear by contrast that this is a lunatic book (and the one bit of praise is _right_ – Helprin is a dung-flinging mouth-breather on a whole variety of political issues, but he is sometimes a very good novelist).

Douthat’s argument is an _aesthetic_ argument as I read it – are we more or less likely to get high-culture-ish stuff in a world with the Internet than we would be without it? This seems to be at the least an important subtext of Helprin’s book (like everyone in this conversation, I have no intention of reading the bloody thing to find out). And Douthat seems inclined to agree with Helprin that we are _less_ likely to get high culture in this world than without it. I think that he is wrong, over the long run, on this, but I don’t see that he is _obviously_ wrong.

The last paragraph is rum stuff alright – but seemed to me to be an implicit admission that he didn’t have much to say on the copyright stuff, which is why he was sticking to the broader cultural issues through the main part of the review. And maybe this means that it was a bad review in some other sense – that he didn’t spend much time directly arguing against what are likely very bad arguments – but at the least this is different from your suggestion that he is Brodering it up on the copyright wars. Instead, he is plausibly making a broader claim about cultural politics, which are sort-of orthogonal to the copyright stuff, but also plausibly a major theme of Helprin’s book, and only returning to what he specifically describes as the “narrower issue” at the very end of the review.

Btw – since people sometimes suggest that the reason that Matt Yglesias and others go easy on Douthat since they are all palsy-walsy, let me make it clear that I don’t know him (I did one kind of combative Bloggingheads with him a few years ago, but have never met him, nor corresponded with him privately etc etc).

28

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 3:55 pm

Hmmmm, this is all rather reasonable, Henry (and others). I should perhaps do a more moderate follow-up. The reason why the final paragraph made me go ballistic is that I think the most important thing about this issue is that there is a truly remarkable degree of consensus among those who take the issue seriously – be they socialists or Hayekians, lawyers, economists, geeks, philosophers, whatever – that infinite (indefinite) extension is a bad idea. And also that what we’ve actually got is already too long, whatever the ideal length may be (a serious issue, to be sure). What we’ve got is economically and culturally and socially non-optimal, almost regardless of what your economic and cultural and social ideals are. It really only makes sense a way of generating unproductive rent-seeking. And yet this is the system we have. Now that’s not so shocking, in itself. Stupid stuff happens in politics. But what I think Douthat’s job is, if he is given a book by the one person who has written a book that misses the basic stuff, is to inform his readers at least of the fact that there is broad and really non-ideological (or pan-ideological) consensus about the basic issues here. Not everyone agrees with Lessig, by any means. But everyone knows that Lessig’s arguments are serious, not some sort of knee-jerk Marxism that never so much as considered that private property might be a good thing, . And everyone who studies the issue knows that some of the most serious arguments against copyright extension are market arguments. But the average reader of the NY Times actually does not know this. And now we get a review of a cranky book that’s way outside the solid consensus, and the reader doesn’t come away with a good sense of just how off the mark this book is, substance-wise. Yes, Douthat conveys it’s badness, but he makes it sound like a style problem – an ironic style problem, which makes the author look silly. But that’s not actually the worst of it, or the most important thing.

29

Keith 06.23.09 at 4:00 pm

Anyone else find it odd that in Douthat’s book review, he quotes from an XKCD comic without attribution? Did they reach their hyperlink quota over at the Times or what? Sort of undermines his argument if he can’t even be bothered to cite the artist he’s quoting.

30

steven 06.23.09 at 4:08 pm

The Lessig-wiki-“rebuttal” page says, among other things:

Intellectual products by their nature are copied and shared freely

Eh?

31

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 4:16 pm

“he quotes from an XKCD comic without attribution? Did they reach their hyperlink quota over at the Times or what?”

Yeah, I wondered about that.

32

Stuart 06.23.09 at 4:25 pm

Instead, he is plausibly making a broader claim about cultural politics, which are sort-of orthogonal to the copyright stuff, but also plausibly a major theme of Helprin’s book, and only returning to what he specifically describes as the “narrower issue” at the very end of the review.

I don’t think this is correct, the paragraph before the “narrower issue” (actually it is “narrower question” in the text and OP quote) the second sentence starts ” On the broader question of Internet culture, …”, which presumably implies that part is mainly discussed in that single paragraph, rather than everything before that point.

33

steven 06.23.09 at 4:25 pm

It really only makes sense a way of generating unproductive rent-seeking.

If it’s rent-seeking that is the social evil lurking at the core of extended copyright, presumably the members of the remarkable interdisciplinary consensus of copyright-contemplators are also agitating for term limits to physical property? If not, why do they think one form of rent-seeking is worse than another?

34

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 4:27 pm

“the members of the remarkable interdisciplinary consensus of copyright-contemplators are also agitating for term limits to physical property?”

The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous goods is rather crucial at this point.

35

steven 06.23.09 at 4:29 pm

The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous goods is rather crucial at this point.

I look forward to the argument as to why.

36

Bloix 06.23.09 at 4:33 pm

@28 – “there is a truly remarkable degree of consensus … that infinite (indefinite) extension is a bad idea … it really only makes sense a way of generating unproductive rent-seeking.”

See, Helprin disagrees with this. And Douthat finds his position ‘plausible’ –
“Helprin is … plausible when he argues that the direct costs of letting his descendants continue to profit from sales of “A Soldier of the Great War” are minor or even nonexistent.”

But Douthat never actually explains what Helprin’s argument might be. This is clearly the key to the whole book and Douthat can’t be bothered with it.

(“Plausible” is a word that people who write for newspapers use when they want to aovid making an argument. First you say that something is “plausible” and then you carry on as if you’d shown that it’s true.)

The only hint Douthat gives us is his reference to the “Helprin family’s intellectual property,” which shows that he’s confused a metaphor with an argument.

It’s also surprising that a discussion of the rights of artists in their work is not

37

Henri Vieuxtemps 06.23.09 at 5:00 pm

…are also agitating for term limits to physical property?

Not necessarily term limits. Antitrust laws, I think, would be an example of restricting unproductive rent-seeking.

38

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 5:04 pm

“The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous goods is rather crucial at this point.

I look forward to the argument as to why.”

Steven, are you actually just asking for standard arguments, in broad outline, because you are curious what they are? Or do you know already, and are winding up to make a specific skeptical argument against them? If the latter, perhaps you could just make the argument. If the former … well, the stuff about rivalrous and non-rivalrous in the wiki link in the post ain’t exactly the clearest I’ve ever seen, but it will do for starters.

39

hidflect 06.23.09 at 5:14 pm

You’re blogging about a blogger who blogged about a reviewer who reviewed a book? How small is this Universe?

40

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 5:19 pm

“You’re blogging about a blogger who blogged about a reviewer who reviewed a book?”

In fairness, I think it’s fairly normal for bloggers to blog and reviewers to review. Indeed, if things were arranged otherwise, they would be even more confusing than they already are. So you could shorten your complaint to: ‘you’re blogging about a book review?’

41

Tom West 06.23.09 at 5:26 pm

I look forward to the argument as to why.

I think this was covered fairly thoroughly in the previous copyright thread. Truthfully, I didn’t find the distinction between them to be particularly meaningful to those who might be deprived of the fruits of their efforts.

Widespread copying is not theft because you can still use the original. But if the way you wanted to use the original is to be able to sell it, then it might as well have been stolen for all the difference it makes to you.

Anyway, I’m sidetracking the argument. My beef is with the de facto elimination of copyright and IP, not with shortening the copyright period.

As far as Douhat’s piece goes, I have to agree with alkali (#13). The review was a massive pan, with only the bare minimum of “the book is not totally without merit” required of any book review is a mainstream publication. (Those who unremittingly pan a bad book end up looking like impolite jerks in print to those who don’t care about the topic, but like reading book reviews – not a way to get more book review assignments.)

42

Seth Gordon 06.23.09 at 5:40 pm

I’m a little confused about how Douthat’s proposal to “simultaneously extend copyright and narrow its scope” would work out, because of the opportunities to game the system. Would Pride and Prejudice and Zombies be counted as a reprint of Pride and Prejudice (since it does, after all, contain most of the text of the of the original) or a parody?

43

Stuart 06.23.09 at 5:41 pm

Anyway, I’m sidetracking the argument. My beef is with the de facto elimination of copyright and IP, not with shortening the copyright period.

Of course reality suggests to us that extending the copyright period more or less indefinitely is rapidly leading towards it’s being de facto eliminated. The demands of copyright owners have become exponentially more extensive in the 50 years or so, if they had not done this maybe they wouldn’t have killed the goose that laid the golden egg, as it were. The idea that content owners can perpetually make greater and greater demands of the public and expect this to just be accepted is pretty bizarre.

44

Not Really 06.23.09 at 5:41 pm

> If it’s rent-seeking that is the social evil lurking at the core of
> extended copyright, presumably the members of the remarkable
> interdisciplinary consensus of copyright-contemplators are also
> agitating for term limits to physical property? If not, why do they
> think one form of rent-seeking is worse than another?

Property taxes + inflation generally have the long-term effect (I’ll leave it to you whether it is a desired or side- effect) of limiting the length of ownership of physical property in the absence of injection of additional capital.

45

roac 06.23.09 at 5:42 pm

Helprin is a dung-flinging mouth-breather on a whole variety of political issues, but he is sometimes a very good novelist.

Is he? In the sense that he has written at least one very good novel?

This is a genuine question. I pounced on Winter’s Tale when it came out, having read an excerpt in the New Yorker that had me falling all over myself laughing. And I got a good way into the book thinking it was terrific. But then the lovely verbal pyrotechnics started to get repetitious, and the magic realism got laid on thicker and thicker, and the ugly politics broke the surface more and more often, and by the time I got to the end Helprin was in the mental bin labeled “Authors Whose Future Works I Am Not Going to Read.” Who thinks I was wrong and why?

46

John Holbo 06.23.09 at 5:43 pm

Just to be clear: the rivalrous/non-rivalrous distinction matters most (and perhaps only) if you are making a utilitarian argument. That is, if you believe that the justification for copyright is that the institution of copyright exists to serve some good – say, “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts”. The idea is that the way to maximize utility is to balance incentives to create (gotta have those) with realization of the good provided by lots of people being able to enjoy things that, in fact, lots of people can enjoy, non-rivalrously. (That’s just a first pass. Does it suffice?)

On the other hand, if you just plain believe in an absolute right to total control over your works in perpetuity … well, then that’s what you believe.

47

Keith 06.23.09 at 6:22 pm

Would Pride and Prejudice and Zombies be counted as a reprint of Pride and Prejudice (since it does, after all, contain most of the text of the of the original) or a parody?

Seth Gordon: in Douthat’s world, this would be an immaterial distinction, as adding zombies to P&P is defacto “coarsening the language” and it’s co-author would be held in contempt of culture and so he wouldn’t be invited to any of Douthat’s parties, you can be sure.

P&P&Z might not be the best example though, since Austen has no descendants with legal rights under current (or any conceivable) copyright law. Arguments against it would be purely aesthetic (though I’m sure Douthat would muddle the issue with talk about how zombies make him wet the bed, and should therefore be bared form appearing in any book with cultural cache).

As usual, Douthat would be missing the point: that zombies are lots of fun and make every book better, as they add a contemporary gloss to a classical text. As my forthcoming novel, War and Peace and Zombies will no doubt prove.

48

Gareth Rees 06.23.09 at 6:58 pm

Austen has no descendants with legal rights under … any conceivable … copyright law

Can you explain? Austen had no children, but she certainly had heirs—her brothers and their descendants.

49

Matt Kuzma 06.23.09 at 7:01 pm

I believe the idea Douhat was fumbling with was that the accelerated culture squeezes out the old true art of the past. Obviously he hasn’t articulated that argument at all, but I think the notion behind the use of the word Barbarism is that if the fire-and-forget content of the internet prevails, there will be no room for enduring works to be made. It’s a stupid notion, given that I currently know a successful playwright, surviving just fine in the digital age writing for live performance, and he has in fact had to seriously consider what to do with his intellectual property after he dies.

50

Tom West 06.23.09 at 7:43 pm

#42, et al, I think you’re giving Douhat’s suggestion way too much consideration. To me, at least, it reads like a throwaway at the end so as not to be seen as unmercifully trashing the book. Sort of like thanking a completely incoherent guest on a talk-show by saying how their views were interesting and gave the host something to think about.

Stuart at #43
Of course reality suggests to us that extending the copyright period more or less indefinitely is rapidly leading towards it’s being de facto eliminated.

O come on. Do you honestly believe that if there had been no attempt by Disney et al to extend copyright, that it would have made even the *slightest* difference in the widespread media piracy that we see now? The concept of copyright doesn’t even enter the question in the mind’s of those who aren’t paying for the latest Madonna or J.K.Rowling.

The lengthening of copyright laws is what gets middle-aged people excited, because they see the creative loss of materials they might find interesting. The ability see the next Twilight movie before it hits the theatres is what concerns the young.

The two are completely independent of each other, although the destruction of copyright and IP is making the lengthening of copyright laws essentially meaningless.

51

steven 06.23.09 at 8:07 pm

Just to be clear: the rivalrous/non-rivalrous distinction matters most (and perhaps only) if you are making a utilitarian argument. That is, if you believe that the justification for copyright is that the institution of copyright exists to serve some good – say, “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts”. The idea is that the way to maximize utility is to balance incentives to create (gotta have those) with realization of the good provided by lots of people being able to enjoy things that, in fact, lots of people can enjoy, non-rivalrously. (That’s just a first pass. Does it suffice?)

Thanks for the clarification. But I’m not convinced that the rivalrous/non-rivalrous distinction here is in fact completely crucial, ie that it thoroughly insulates physical property from similar utilitarian arguments. Obviously, e.g., it would be better for society at large if you took away the big houses of the great-grandchildren of rich people and housed lots of working families in them. The working families lucky enough to be so housed would of course be enjoying their new digs rivalrously, but I’m unclear as to why that sole distinction suddenly makes the argument unthinkable.

52

Keith 06.23.09 at 8:12 pm

Gareth Rees @47: Austen had no children, but she certainly had heirs—her brothers and their descendants.

Are their any heirs still alive? Doesn’t matter anyway, as her work entered the public domain long before any of the more recent copyright shenanigans got under way, so if any heirs are still around, they missed the boat. Said boat, ironically enough, being captained by Mickey Mouse.

53

steven 06.23.09 at 8:17 pm

An aside to Tom @ 41:

(Those who unremittingly pan a bad book end up looking like impolite jerks in print to those who don’t care about the topic, but like reading book reviews – not a way to get more book review assignments.)

Actually I think readers often enjoy very hostile reviews. In my experience, it is (some) editors who dislike them & won’t commission more, because they prefer a bogus “balance”. (An editor actually asked me once to put more positive points in a review. I declined, and it was not printed.)

54

Gareth Rees 06.23.09 at 8:38 pm

Are there any [of Jane Austen’s] heirs still alive?

Yes. I’ve no idea who the literary heir would have been (had copyright been perpetual), but many descendants of her brothers are extant. The delightfully named Norton Knatchbull is one with a Wikipedia entry.

Doesn’t matter anyway, as her work entered the public domain

Yes, of course, but your original claim was about “any conceivable” copyright law—if copyrights were perpetual, they would pass from testator to heir as with other forms of property. I take it you’re withdrawing this claim?

55

Tom West 06.23.09 at 9:06 pm

Actually I think readers often enjoy very hostile reviews.

Perhaps, tabloid culture and all that, but I have my doubts.

I will say it is different if you actually have a personal concern about the book, in which case you’ll have a strong enough opinion on the facts that standards for politeness become less important. But for the majority of readers who are simply reading the book section for interesting essays and the occasional book recommendation, failing to maintain minimum standards of civility (where civility is defined by the reader) may make the reader uncomfortable and suspicious of the review.

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steven 06.23.09 at 9:15 pm

failing to maintain minimum standards of civility (where civility is defined by the reader)

Well, if some readers have a weird idea of civility, that’s their lookout. One can be perfectly civil while savaging a bad book — but this threatens to be a thread derail, so I will stop there.

57

Keith 06.23.09 at 9:17 pm

I take it you’re withdrawing this claim?

I’ll amend it to say that, yes, while it’s conceivable that someone might come up with a case for reinstating ownership rights of Austen’s work to her descendants, no likely copyright law would change this particular work’s status, as it would be a clear cut case of rent-seeking. Also, it’d be ridiculous for a work that’s been in the public domain for a century to suddenly go back into ownership, as it would infringe on any number of other author’s copyright claims (like the rights to modern sequels that didn’t get permission from the estate, parody’s and derivative works like P&P&Z, etc.)

58

Tom West 06.23.09 at 9:19 pm

I’m unclear as to why that sole distinction suddenly makes the argument unthinkable.

It’s not. Think taxes aimed for redistribution. And to be fair, there’s a number of people who feel that the government should confiscate all your wealth when you die as the good it brings society is higher than the good it brings your heirs.

You could make the argument that IP is like a house you rent out. You don’t live in it, so it’s only good is the rent you can derive from it. But the reality is that by the end of a reasonable copyright period, the remaining value is pretty small, so not a lot of value is confiscated. (The main reason I favour artist lifetime copyright has more to do with how many artists feel about their personal creations than financial gain.)

59

Righteous Bubba 06.23.09 at 9:21 pm

while it’s conceivable that someone might come up with a case for reinstating ownership rights of Austen’s work to her descendants

Indirect subsidy to the legal services industry?

60

Tom West 06.23.09 at 9:23 pm

Well, if some readers have a weird idea of civility, that’s their lookout.

Actually, that’s the editor’s lookout :-).

61

steven 06.23.09 at 9:24 pm

It’s not. Think taxes aimed for redistribution. And to be fair, there’s a number of people who feel that the government should confiscate all your wealth when you die as the good it brings society is higher than the good it brings your heirs.

Sure, I just wonder why people are footling around trying to prevent extensions on (or actually trying to do away with) copyright when they could obviously do so much more social good agitating for reform of private property law with very similar arguments — if doing social good is really their aim, of course.

62

Chris 06.23.09 at 9:26 pm

“Helprin is … plausible when he argues that the direct costs of letting his descendants continue to profit from sales of “A Soldier of the Great War” are minor or even nonexistent.”

To be blunt, this is only true because nobody cares about Helprin’s work. Imagine applying the same standard to Shakespeare. If Shakespeare’s descendants could have vetoed derivative works based on their ancestor’s intellectual property, how much of our artistic heritage wouldn’t exist?

Now, you might suggest a system of mandatory licensing for derivative works analogous to the mandatory licensing of patents, so Shakespeare’s descendants can only profit from derivative works, not ban them. But wait! Much of Shakespeare’s work was itself derivative, and he was, for most of his life, an impoverished hack. (In the sense of working for the money, not necessarily any derogatory sense.) He wouldn’t have been able to afford to write his own works.

Some works of art made in this century will probably continue to have an influence in future centuries, although we may not be able to predict right now which ones. Not necessarily of Shakespearean magnitude, but perhaps on the order of Dickens or Austen. Do we want to deny our remote descendants the future equivalent of _West Side Story_ or _O Brother, Where Art Thou?_ or even _Scrooged_?

All this, of course, even aside from the grubby reality that the right to the long-term revenue would routinely be assigned in boilerplate publication contracts and would therefore inure not to the benefit of Helprin’s (or whoever’s) family, but some publishing company. The author would receive, in exchange, at most the actuarial value, i.e. a pittance since most works fade into obscurity. (Although IMO, let him invest the fruits of his labors in the present like every other worker; should the people who built the Empire State Building have their descendants entitled to a share of the rent?)

P.S. I think the optimum length is the minimum possible that won’t significantly affect “publish or don’t publish” decisions, as determined by the realities of the publishing industry. That preserves the social purpose of copyright: to promote the creation of marketable works. (If you want to promote nonmarketable works, you need something more NEA-like. This may be important if technology renders more work nonmarketable.) I’m fairly confident that this would be a single-digit number of years.

63

steven 06.23.09 at 9:31 pm

I think the optimum length is the minimum possible that won’t significantly affect “publish or don’t publish” decisions, as determined by the realities of the publishing industry. That preserves the social purpose of copyright: to promote the creation of marketable works. (If you want to promote nonmarketable works, you need something more NEA-like. This may be important if technology renders more work nonmarketable.) I’m fairly confident that this would be a single-digit number of years.

What about the case of an author who writes an obscure novel that no one takes any notice of and subsequently lives a miserable penurious life, and then 30 years later someone makes a movie of that novel and the reissued edition starts selling like hot cakes. Do you think it fair that the author should get nothing?

64

Righteous Bubba 06.23.09 at 10:50 pm

subsequently lives a miserable penurious life

That’s an argument for a social safety net, which you would do well to support instead of agitating about this copyright stuff.

65

Witt 06.23.09 at 10:54 pm

It’s a complete side point, but Douthat’s re-framing of the xkcd cartoon is rather offensive. He says:

One of the more trenchant cartoons of the Internet era features a stick-figure man typing furiously at his keyboard. From somewhere beyond the panel floats the irritated voice of his wife.

Looking at the cartoon, it’s quite clear:

1. The person at the computer may or may not be male

2. The voice offstage is not given any sex at all, much less the title of “wife”

3. The voice is also not defined as “irritated”

Bah.

66

nick s 06.23.09 at 11:08 pm

By the genteel standards of the NYT Book Review, Douthat delivered an extremely negative and almost explicitly derisive assessment of the book.

I don’t know if you’re unacquainted with Sam Tanenhaus’s tenure at the NYT Book Review, but it has been marked by velvet-gloved treatment of crappy conservative books and hatchet jobs on liberal books.

Anyway: the ‘whining at nasty blog commenters’ book appears to be on the way towards genre status, and it appears that the only thing Helprin learned from being slapped around for his original, stupid piece was that there was a book deal awaiting him to whine about it.

The end of perpetual copyright brought about the canon of English literature, by ensuring access to multiple editions of Milton, Shakespeare et al; having multiple generations of copyright rent-seekers is socially deleterious.

if doing social good is really their aim, of course.

The argumentum ad Matthew 19:21 is a bit cheap, really. Copyright is an early modern invention, and unlike tangible property, has been subject to argument about its purpose and extent for the 300 years since the Statute of Anne.

67

Tom West 06.23.09 at 11:22 pm

Witt at #64,

You’re correct on all the particulars, but I strongly suspect that the majority of people reading the cartoon will read exactly as Douthat did, as that reading conforms to our social experience and norms.

What I don’t understand is how interpreting the cartoon using our social experience is offensive. I pretty much assume each reader assumes the main character has his or her race, for all that it matters (i.e. not at all). Is this wrong? I’ll admit I don’t imagine generic genderless people very well…

68

andthenyoufall 06.23.09 at 11:26 pm

steven – Copyright was never intended to make life fair. There are a million and one ways for people for people to get screwed over that violate intuitions about fairness or cosmic justice, but that doesn’t mean our legal system must anticipate every one of them in advance.

That story would be just as sad if Congress, in its wisdom, granted Lived N. Penury a 1,000 year copyright on his works, which he then sold for pennies to some publisher, which then 30 years later made tons of money. You can come up with hypothetical tragic examples no matter which way you slice things.

The story would be even sadder if Mr. Penury’s manuscript was burnt to a cinder in his house fire, and then subsequently someone wrote and copyrighted a very similar novel before he had a chance to rewrite it.

All in all, arguments about the pure dessert of Mr. Penury won’t lead to any conclusions about public policy. Dessert is too sticky a concept, especially if we are talking about perpetual copyrights. If the opera Elektra makes me want to read the Oresteia, who deserves to benefit from that? Richard Strauss and descendants? Aeschylus and descendants? A 19th century translator? The 19th century German translator who inspired Strauss? The opera company that performed it? We can’t assume that the state is going to protect every person’s ability to benefit from helping someone in any possible case. If I pick up some trash in a park near my house, should I have the right to charge anyone who walks near the park $0.25 for the improved aesthetics? Or perhaps I should get free meals in the prytaneum for life if the park turns from an abandoned ruin to a bustling center of recreational activity? I’m sure we can all see the poetic justice in that, but poetic justice can’t be the basis for copyright law.

To Tom West — I don’t imagine that weaker copyright laws would completely eliminate piracy, but two points. First, piracy is somewhere between shoplifting and jaywalking as a social problem. So elimination should never be the goal. Second, wouldn’t there be much less? Say the copyright term were 30 years. All music, movies, and books first copyrighted before 1979 would be available for free on the internet. Given the right to enjoy all media produced from 1920 to 1979 for free, pirating copyrighted material made after 1979 would be much more scummy. Presumably a large number of people would stop.

OK, and this is petty, but if you follow xkcd religiously it’s pretty easy to tell that that’s a man. 1. Women in xkcd have hair, men do not. 2. There are couples in a lot of xkcd cartoons and they’re almost always hetero. 3. If you’ve ever had someone ask you whether or not you’re coming to bed while you deal with someone being wrong on the internet, you know what tone of voice she’s using. (In other words, Douthat is vile, but he’s right about this.)

69

ignalina 06.23.09 at 11:43 pm

What about the case of an author who writes an obscure novel that no one takes any notice of and subsequently lives a miserable penurious life, and then 30 years later someone makes a movie of that novel and the reissued edition starts selling like hot cakes. Do you think it fair that the author should get nothing?”

Well, it would certainly encourage the author to write another novel, which is far from nothing.

70

Witt 06.23.09 at 11:54 pm

I strongly suspect that the majority of people reading the cartoon will read exactly as Douthat did, as that reading conforms to our social experience and norms.

The majority of people, or the majority of men? Either way, I’m not sure I agree (and I have more faith in the three billion men on the planet than to think that they all see a featureless voice asking a politely phrased question and leap to the interpretation “nagging wife”).

Obviously there is a well-worn stereotype of the nagging wife. But it isn’t necessarily a common EXPERIENCE — just a handy, and rather unpleasantly sexist, stereotype.

If you’re a woman reading that cartoon, and you rather naturally imagine yourself as the lead character (that is, the person typing away on the computer), is there any reason to suppose that you’re going to think of the offstage voice as a nagging wife? Probably not. Maybe a demanding husband. Although again, I think the joke doesn’t require it.

Douthat could have communicated the point of the cartoon just fine — in fact, Munroe did it in the original — without having to draw on any nasty insinuations about entire groups of human beings. You can laugh in universal recognition of being (or knowing!) the person who gets sucked into pointless debate, regardless of whether you are married/cohabiting/single, straight/gay, etc.

I think the word I’m looking for is gratuitous. It’s a small point in a small review of a small book which shall hopefully be remaindered sooner rather than later. But it grates.

71

Jeff R. 06.24.09 at 12:17 am

What about the case of an author who writes an obscure novel that no one takes any notice of and subsequently lives a miserable penurious life, and then 30 years later someone makes a movie of that novel and the reissued edition starts selling like hot cakes. Do you think it fair that the author should get nothing?”

Well, it would certainly encourage the author to write another novel, which is far from nothing.

30 years after he’s finished living his miserable penurious life? That would take some motivation.

72

John Holbo 06.24.09 at 12:41 am

Steven asks “I’m unclear as to why that sole distinction suddenly makes the argument unthinkable.”

I should have been clearer about this. It’s not that the distinction makes the argument unthinkable, but it does make unthinkable that anyone should wander in with an anecdote about an ear of corn and try to solve the problem on the assumption that there is no relevant difference between that and a novel, as property goes. Economists think hard about what might be the optimum copyright protection period, so the distinction makes the argument not unthinkable but necessarily thinkable in ways that don’t occur to Halperin, apparently. Some say 14 years would actually have been more optimal. Some cheeky fellows argue that, actually, 0 would be a good answer. Marxists, as opposed to Austrian-schoolers, will have their own reasons for going for 0, of course. My impression is that infinite protection is bringing up dead last in this competition, in the eyes of economists (and others – the lawyers have their own reasons for placing this dead last: namely, the Constitution rules it out). It’s just a completely unlovable option, after about 5 minutes reflection.

Steven is right that utilitarian arguments could score against other (physical) property. My large backyard, which people could play in while I’m at work. My bike, while I’m not riding it. My house, while I’m on vacation. Most of the books on my shelves are just sitting there. It wouldn’t deprive me of anything if people used my property while I’m not, so long as they returned it in the state they found it. The utilitarian objection to this sort of thing is that it is massively impractical (for pretty obvious reasons). It’s better for everyone for everyone to have exclusive rights to their own stuff. (If the empty backyard of the McMansion really bothers you, that is probably because you are bothered by inequality, not so much by property rights, per se.) The copyright system is a way of dealing with that impracticality by going you outright protection for a time, then taking it away completely at a certain point. Douthat’s back of the envelope proposal, by the way, would make a mess of this system. It would be an ‘ownership with an easement for usage’ system, which would clearly be very difficult to legislate and enforce, given the nature of these cases.

73

Barry 06.24.09 at 12:43 am

Re: 64 – that’s almost certainly that guy’s girlfriend, from reading that series.

74

John Holbo 06.24.09 at 12:43 am

Not that MY backyard is the backyard of a McMansion.

75

John Holbo 06.24.09 at 12:47 am

And just to make extra clear what I mean when I say “the utilitarian objection to this sort of thing is that it is massively impractical”: there’s nothing impractical about me letting someone else use my backyard, if I want to, but there would be something impractical about the government forcing me to let others use it, so long as I am not using it at the moment.

76

Bloix 06.24.09 at 1:13 am

Witt at 64 – if you read xkcd regularly and know the conventions of the strip (eg men have no hair, women have hair) you will know that (i) the person at the computer is male, (ii) the person in bed is female, (iii) the person in bed is a girlfriend not a wife, (iv) her voice is mildly amused, not irritable.

77

Witt 06.24.09 at 1:22 am

andthenyoufall, bloix, barry — of course you’re right, but we regular/semi-regular xkcd readers aren’t the full audience Douthat was speaking to. And to his audience, presumably ignorant of the original cartoon, he chose to reframe it as more unkind than its author presumably intended.

OK, I’ll stop driving thread-drift now. Apologies, because the substantive topic of this thread is really important and one to which I’m quite sympathetic.

78

clew 06.24.09 at 2:20 am

Also, if you read xkcd regularly, you know (v) the person in bed has a laptop with her. (I agree about the hair.)

79

Ceri B. 06.24.09 at 3:30 am

Creators don’t lose the ability to profit from their work when that work enters the public domain. “Authorized editions” and the like do just fine, along with low-, high-, and middle-end editions of older works, annotated editions, and on and on. A novel rediscovered after 30 years of obscurity might well appear, for instance, in audiobook format with an appended interview with the author, or in print with a new introduction; if the author has other works, they might be reprinted as well in thematically similar editions or in an omnibus. None of that depends on the ability to keep others from printing the work, only on the author’s unique ability to say “hi, I’m the author”.

80

Tom West 06.24.09 at 4:10 am

Witt – “nagging wife”?

Odd interpretation. I assumed that if there’s an unkind stereotype in the comic, it’s the obsessive internet user ignoring real-life priorities. That’s not someone who needs to “Get a Life”. That’s someone who’s ignoring the Life he already has!

Given the right to enjoy all media produced from 1920 to 1979 for free, pirating copyrighted material made after 1979 would be much more scummy.

Um, no. Among the young (who to be honest are the real drivers of media, as they’re the ones who spend), the concept of copyright and intellectual property are close to dead. There’s no concept of piracy as at all wrong. If you can get it for free, it’s your literal right to do so. (Read a little Slashdot or any forum populated by high-schoolers to see the attitude.)

I do agree that it might reduce piracy among those old enough to feel guilty, but to be honest, piracy is not an industry-ending problem with them. Enough feel bad enough that they’ll buy when they can.

Some say 14 years would actually have been more optimal.

As for short copyright terms, Il have to say that if I was a creative type, I’d be pretty unhappy about any company using my name and work to promote anything they wanted to. I can imagine several children’s books authors who’d be unhappy about having their works used by the pro-life movement (for free no less) once a work fell out of copyright. Certainly given the fact that the public conflates the author and their work, it would essentially be allowing anyone or any company the right to use the author as they pleased. (And in four years, anyone could publish Harry Potter books, now with sex scenes!)

No, I’d like to see the author safe in their grave before their work is twisted against their will to whatever suits the fancy of some company, organization, or individual.

81

Ceri B. 06.24.09 at 4:46 am

Tom West: And on the flip side, as someone with four novels and a bunch of shorter work in print, I’m quite comfortable with the thought of my work passing out of my control and in fact think this would be a good thing for most creators.

Fixed terms are good for society as a whole: they enable more sensible planning, and they remove occasions for envy, schadenfreude, and the like. And yes, I do mean that – I think it’s a bad idea for people to reap extra rewards just for being healthy or lucky, and unfortunate at best to make it a happy occasion for fellow creators when one of their number dies.

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andthenyoufall 06.24.09 at 5:40 am

Tom… I agree the young’uns have little respect for copyright laws. But I would start from the premise that copyright law is not, in itself, a fearsome and vengeful god to which we owe respect simply for existing. Like speed limits on roads, we owe respect to the ultimate justification (preventing traffic accidents), but not to the often sordid reasons for enforcement (balancing the town’s budget at the end of the month) or to undesirable consequences (longer travel times). When speed limits are totally out of sync with the goal of simply preventing accidents, drivers (understandably) ignore them, but then you start getting people driving at really unsafe speeds.

That’s true of lots of laws, and of copyright in particular. If someone understands that copyright law “wie es eigentlich ist” is about Disney’s bottom line, and not about “the Progress of Science and useful Arts,” we can understand why he might not feel it was wrong to violate the law (just like I don’t feel that I’m doing anything wrong if I drive ten miles over the speed limit when everyone else is driving as fast or faster). Of course he might be, from our perspective, violating it far too egregiously. If a reasonable copyright law enshrines our views, he will, if he was actually motivated by a sense of right and wrong to begin with, concede the point (just as someone who does 75 would be more likely to stick to 70, if 70 were the posted speed limit rather than 55).

Further point. Obviously some people would continue to violate copyrights regardless of the law. However: not the end of the world. If someone piratically downloads “Up” he is not harming anyone. (Non-rival, remember.) In fact, it’s good that an extra person sees such a well-made movie. Of course, he’s not contributing to the cost of the “Progress of Science” and so on. But it’s possible he wasn’t going to go see “Up” anyway, if he had to pay for it. It’s even possible that after watching a grainy version on his computer, he changes his mind and goes to see it in a theatre.

A lemma: teenagers, like third-world countries, are a populous lot but they don’t have a ton of money. I didn’t buy a ton of “useful Arts” when I was a teenager. I agree with your intuitions but I think the difference between teenagers and non-teenagers lies solely in the income elasticity of demand. If you have an income, you can buy stuff, and thus answer the question “To what extent should I support the film/music industry by buying their stuff?”

So regardless of what the optimal copyright terms are, simply as a matter of law enforcement I doubt we should be focusing any effort either on prosecuting teenaged copyright-infringers, or on stuffing copyright treaties down the throats of developing nations. It’s good that impecunious thirteen year-olds and Chinese people get to see movies they wouldn’t have seen. It doesn’t take movies away from you or me, nor (probably – this is just raw data talking) does it lower the amount of music and movies produced, nor is there any reason to think that the extra money that could be wrung from these groups

God. I hate being one of those people who writes mega-comments on CT. But one last thought: the idea that authors shouldn’t have to see their ideas twisted is romantic nonsense on stilts. Parody and satire, of course, already make authors miserable. Indeed, frequently the whole point of the parody is to sully our perception of the author’s abilities, mental or literary. Is the twisting somehow worse when the intent isn’t hostile? Should Shakespeare have abandoned “Hamlet” for fear of offending Kyd?

By the way, “Harry Potter with sex scenes” already exists, as you probably know. Fans write the most depraved nonsense. (Don’t say I didn’t warn you if you go googling for it.) Somehow J.K. Rowling still manages to get out of her bed in the morning.

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JulesLt 06.24.09 at 6:31 am

“because no one’s arguing that you should be forced, after all” – I’d dispute that – there are plenty of people arguing for dismantling of the existing system, for various motives, and effectively forcing creators into producing all work directly into the public domain, and making a living from something else (usually at this point a simplistic example will be used to justify this, or some point that ‘X will just have to work for a living’ – ignoring the fact that most authors, song-writers, etc, generally do)

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jholbo 06.24.09 at 6:50 am

“because no one’s arguing that you should be forced, after all – I’d dispute that –”

I’ve got to say: on the day they set up the gulag in which everyone is forced to post CC licensed photos on Flickr all day – with special Stackhanovite hero prizes for the ones who exceed their quotas – I will start to worry about this scenario, Jules. In the meantime, there are a couple of whacky libertarian economists arguing that, actually, zero IP would be more optimal. That’s it. I think we can live with that threat-level.

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steven 06.24.09 at 7:09 am

andthenyoufall @ 68:

That story would be just as sad if Congress, in its wisdom, granted Lived N. Penury a 1,000 year copyright on his works, which he then sold for pennies to some publisher, which then 30 years later made tons of money. You can come up with hypothetical tragic examples no matter which way you slice things […] All in all, arguments about the pure dessert of Mr. Penury won’t lead to any conclusions about public policy. Dessert is too sticky a concept, especially if we are talking about perpetual copyrights.

So the retort to a foreseeable negative outcome of a specific policy recommendation is always just “Life is sad, get over it”? My example of the pathetic novelist was merely aimed at the particular suggestion that copyright terms be limited to a “single-digit” number of years. Perpetuity is not the only alternative, and I wasn’t in fact recommending perpetuity.

Copyright was never intended to make life fair.

Well, plenty of anti-copyright arguments are based on some conception of the unfairness of the status quo, eg Ceri B @ 81:

I think it’s a bad idea for people to reap extra rewards just for being healthy or lucky

But again, in that case there are plenty more pressing things to reform in society than copyright law.

John H @ 72:

Steven is right that utilitarian arguments could score against other (physical) property. My large backyard, which people could play in while I’m at work. My bike, while I’m not riding it. My house, while I’m on vacation. Most of the books on my shelves are just sitting there. It wouldn’t deprive me of anything if people used my property while I’m not, so long as they returned it in the state they found it. The utilitarian objection to this sort of thing is that it is massively impractical (for pretty obvious reasons). It’s better for everyone for everyone to have exclusive rights to their own stuff.

Yes, but I don’t see exactly why this rules out periodically redistributing those exclusive rights to people who have less stuff, via term limits on physical property.

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alex 06.24.09 at 7:36 am

“Yes, but I don’t see exactly why this rules out periodically redistributing those exclusive rights to people who have less stuff, via term limits on physical property.”

Because it’s silly?

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John Holbo 06.24.09 at 7:52 am

“Yes, but I don’t see exactly why this rules out periodically redistributing those exclusive rights to people who have less stuff, via term limits on physical property.”

Well, whether it’s silly or not, as alex suggests, it’s a separate issue. You are basically mixing the debate about egalitarianism with the debate about whether allowing private property is a good idea. Obviously there’s a connection, but there’s also a distinction. So I wasn’t so much ruling out radical egalitarian measures as not addressing the issue. Be it noted, we already do have period redistribution on a much more modest scale: namely, taxes are paid once a year, and they are somewhat progressive (one hopes). A system with very high, redistributive tax rates would be an example of egalitarianism with private property. A system in which everything just belongs to everyone, somehow, would be egalitarianism without private property, perhaps.

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John Quiggin 06.24.09 at 7:56 am

Steven, the exclusive nature of physical goods makes the idea of a “term limit” incoherent. Obviously, society can (and should, IMO) redistribute physical goods and one important way of avoiding an excess concentration of ownership is to limit or tax inheritance. But, society can’t decree of, say, a house – you can have exclusive possession until you die (or for 50 years, or whatever) and after that everyone can live in it.

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steven 06.24.09 at 10:19 am

John Q:

But, society can’t decree of, say, a house – you can have exclusive possession until you die (or for 50 years, or whatever) and after that everyone can live in it.

I never suggested that it could. I did suggest that someone else or several people could live in it. This is not incoherent.

John H:

Be it noted, we already do have period redistribution on a much more modest scale: namely, taxes are paid once a year, and they are somewhat progressive (one hopes). A system with very high, redistributive tax rates would be an example of egalitarianism with private property.

Yes, but I wonder why people are content with “modest” redistribution with regard to physical property while arguing for total redistribution with regard to “IP”. In general I’m wondering what is the relevant distinction between the two kinds of property such that there is a good argument for term limits on one but no term limits on the other. (I’m not actually interested in infinite copyright terms, unless it turns out that I’m immortal — but then it doesn’t seem consistent that I should be granted an infinite claim on my physical stuff.)

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Ceri B. 06.24.09 at 12:01 pm

Steven, you do realize that “you should jump through all my hoops and do all the stuff I regard as important before I’ll respect your current activity” is widely regarded among net veterans as one of the most pathetic of pseudo-arguments, I hope. If not, now you know. In real life, people work on causes that interest them and seem rewarding in any of many, many ways. If you wish to argue that anyone concerned with copyright should put the effort into something else, you have to make an actual case for it, and your efforts to make an appeal to what you think our values are founder because you clearly haven’t a damn clue.

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steven 06.24.09 at 2:02 pm

Thanks for that, Ceri B. Out of mere idle curosity, how long does one have to have been using teh interwebs before one feels able to pull rank as a “net veteran”?

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Ceri B. 06.24.09 at 2:11 pm

Beats me. Long enough to recognize pathetic stale riffs as what they are, but some people learn these things faster than others.

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Chris 06.24.09 at 4:18 pm

My example of the pathetic novelist was merely aimed at the particular suggestion that copyright terms be limited to a “single-digit” number of years.

That post also contained a paragraph on the assignability of rights, which demolishes your example of the pathetic novelist, since his/her publisher would own the rights regardless of how long copyright is. (Unless you think that the poor novelist with no successful book to his/her name would succeed in negotiating contract terms that preserve generous royalties into the indefinite future.)

In any case, since the novel was a flop and the movie was successful, doesn’t that suggest that the movie makers deserve the credit, and the sales contemporaneous with the movie are piggybacking on *their* efforts rather than the reverse? Am I committing lit-crit heresy to suggest that derivative works can surpass the original?

If the original and adaptation are both successful, e.g. the Jeeves and Wooster stories and the Hugh Laurie/Stephen Fry adaptations of same, don’t both parties deserve the credit and the profit in their respective turns?

Your poor (in the economic sense) author might be well advised to write a sequel, though. He/she could probably obtain better terms than he/she got for the original work, even though the original work flopped, because of publishers’ (reasonable) expectation that the sequel’s sales would be improved by the presence of the successful movie. Even under a short copyright regime, the author would stand to do pretty well out of this scenario, if he/she is alive to write the sequel.

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steven 06.24.09 at 4:51 pm

That post also contained a paragraph on the assignability of rights, which demolishes your example of the pathetic novelist

It doesn’t feel demolished quite yet.

his/her publisher would own the rights regardless of how long copyright is. (Unless you think that the poor novelist with no successful book to his/her name would succeed in negotiating contract terms that preserve generous royalties into the indefinite future.)

Which rights do you mean? Authors do not as a rule assign copyright to publishers, nor film rights. And I’ve never heard of a publishing contract that specifies a future date on which royalties will cease to be paid even if the book is selling.

But anyway, thank you for your roundabout answer to my question, which is apparently that you do think it fair that the novelist should get nothing in such a scenario.

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michael e sullivan 06.24.09 at 6:09 pm

“Yes, but I wonder why people are content with “modest” redistribution with regard to physical property while arguing for total redistribution with regard to “IP”. In general I’m wondering what is the relevant distinction between the two kinds of property such that there is a good argument for term limits on one but no term limits on the other. (I’m not actually interested in infinite copyright terms, unless it turns out that I’m immortal — but then it doesn’t seem consistent that I should be granted an infinite claim on my physical stuff.)”

There is a difference between rivalrous and non-rivalrous goods. The difference is that non-rivalrous goods can be copied at a negligible cost (relative to the cost of producing the good from scratch).

A copy of my house would cost, roughly as much as it cost to build my house in the first place.

A copy of my car would cost… roughly as much as it cost to build by car in the first place.

A copy of the my recent Joe Pass CD would cost, something like 5c in hard disk space and electricity to run the equipment making the copy, which is 1/300th of what I paid Cutler’s records for it.

A copy of Adobe Creative Sweet would cost about the same 5c, which is about 1/20000th of what I paid for the original.

If I make a copy of a good to use for myself, I am not keeping anyone else who already had it from using it. And in fact, I’m not keeping anyone from selling it either, except to me. If I wasn’t buying at their price, I haven’t actually done anything that hurts them in the slightest, unless I compete with them by selling pirated copies.

If you limit my rights to rivalrous (i.e. hard to copy) goods, you are actually taking the use of a thing away from me. If you limit my rights to keep people from copying non-rivalrous goods, all you are limiting is my ability to extract profit from other people’s activities.

If some builder came up with a new technology that would build a house equivalent to mine for 1/1000th the price, should I have the right to keep that builder from building and selling houses on the grounds that it reduces the value of my house in the resale market?

The argument for copyright is that if people can copy what you create nearly cost-free, then it is hard to make a living creating the originals of such goods, and thus there will be little or no incentive for anyone to produce them. Without the originals, there is no social welfare to the unlimited copying, so we need some way to incent creators of original work.

And that goal is satisfied quite well by a limited term copyright.

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steven 06.24.09 at 6:47 pm

If you limit my rights to rivalrous (i.e. hard to copy) goods, you are actually taking the use of a thing away from me.

Not if you’re dead. So this is not an argument against a term limit on ownership of physical goods like the current one on copyright (ie life plus n years).

If you limit my rights to keep people from copying non-rivalrous goods, all you are limiting is my ability to extract profit from other people’s activities.

If you limit my rights to prevent a couple of poor families from living in my great-grandfather’s country house, which I am currently renting out to a cigar-chomping hedge-fund manager, all you are limiting is my ability to extract profit from other people’s activities.

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lemuel pitkin 06.24.09 at 9:04 pm

Steven, if you read the first Lessig article John H. links to, you’ll see it addresses exactly this point, by noting that real property, unlike intellectual property, is subject to tax. For any given annual tax rate of N%, there is a number of years X such that confiscation (100% tax) after X years has the same present value as an N% tax. This means that, economically, real property is already subject to a time limit. And if you do the math, you’ll see that the time limit of physical property ownership is usually shorter than a copyright term.

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lemuel pitkin 06.24.09 at 9:07 pm

(Lessig also points out that an ad valorem tax of this kind is a reasonable way to compensate the community for enforcement of property rights on real estate, since there are almost always comparable parcels that have traded recently and can be used to assign a value. For copyrights, on the other hand, assigning a value for the purpose of tax would be very difficult, so the time limit is a more practical way of achieving the same end.)

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lemuel pitkin 06.24.09 at 9:15 pm

The other difference, of course, is that if a house were open to anyone there would be conflicts over who would get use it at any given time, and it would probably be poorly maintained. So there is a social benefit from assigning exclusive use to someone, apart from equity issues. Obviously this is not the case with IP.

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steven 06.24.09 at 9:33 pm

lemuel — but I don’t actually pay an annual tax of some percentage of the total value of my stuff, and I don’t think I have to, unless I have grievously misunderstood HMRC rules. I understand that some people in some parts of the world pay such an annual ad valorem tax on their houses (not in the UK apparently), but that is a rule governing a special case of physical property rather than physical property in general. I can see the argument that copyright term limits would be effectively consistent with an ad valorem tax on all physical property, but that is not in fact what we have, nor do many people seem to be calling for it.

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lemuel pitkin 06.24.09 at 9:39 pm

Steven,

Yes, different types of physical property are treated differently, both from each other and in different jurisdictions.

The point is just that all forms of property carry various limitations, and at least one very important category of physical property, real estate, is effectively subject to a time limit which is shorter than copyrights. So it is not the case that limitations on the length of copyright are subjecting IP to a special condition that physical property is not subject to. Rather it places IP well within the spectrum of legal regimes that other forms of property exist under.

(This is granting arguendo that IP rights should be conceived of as property in the first place.)

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steven 06.24.09 at 9:47 pm

and at least one very important category of physical property, real estate, is effectively subject to a time limit which is shorter than copyrights
I’m not convinced by this actually. If I can more than cover my property taxes with the rent from my cigar-chomping hedge-fund-manager tenant, I’m pretty sure I would enormously prefer to keep the massive country house after 30 years of paying the taxes than have it confiscated after 30 years of not paying them, even if for no other reason than that I have a deep sentimental attachment to my ancestors’ vast pile. (But IANAE and I don’t actually own a massive country house.)

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bianca steele 06.24.09 at 10:12 pm

Did this “backyard of a McMansion” thing come from Douthat’s use of the stereotypical “guy who yells ‘you kids get off my property!'”? I read it as more of a “can you run across the corner of the abutter’s lawn to get your ball back?” or “can you sit on the edge of the front yard with your feet on the sidewalk, a foot or two over the property line from your friend’s house next door?”

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Chris 06.24.09 at 10:27 pm

First of all – it was my understanding that long-term copyrights are (or at least were) frequently contracted away. If that’s not true, fine, but I don’t think it does much to the general argument. Let’s get back to the rather atypical scenario of the unsuccessful book made into a successful movie.

But anyway, thank you for your roundabout answer to my question, which is apparently that you do think it fair that the novelist should get nothing in such a scenario.

Well, yeah. The book was unmarketable without the marketing campaign and/or rewriting provided by the movie, so it hardly seems reasonable for the author to expect society to maintain him in his hobby of writing unmarketable books.

Anyway, it’s not like paying him 30 years later will induce him to go back in time, quit his day job, and write more books in the intervening 30 years. As already pointed out twice, he does still have a post-movie incentive to write a sequel – or, come to think of it, the movie producers might just cut out the inefficient middle step and hire him to write a screenplay for the next movie, since his first book apparently worked better as a movie than as a book anyway, revealing that he missed his calling. Either way, society might benefit more than if he rested on his laurels, so it’s good to have an arrangement that incentivizes him to keep creating. (Within reason – we shouldn’t abolish retirement programs or anything. But those concerns apply to all workers, not just IP creators.)

 
I’ve also found a bigger flaw in your scenario: in a long-copyright universe[1], some such movies don’t get made at all, because the author or other rightsholder either vetoes the project or demands a price that makes it unworkable. Since (ex hypothesi) the movie would have been successful, preventing its production is socially harmful; since the book languishes in obscurity without the movie, any value it might have had is effectively lost to society as well. And of course the author has no valuable sequel/screenplay opportunity either – note that the *author* is deprived of this opportunity even if the *rightsholder*, who may not be the author, makes the decision that kills the movie.

Even if the negotiations are successful they’re still costly and therefore chill the production of some movies on the margin. (For the same reason, a standard royalty fixed by law with no negotiation with the original author necessary can still chill some adaptations that would have been made and succeeded otherwise. And I haven’t even addressed the issue of control over the *content* of the adaptation.)

In a short-copyright universe, the movie makers don’t have to consult the author of a 30-year-old flop (or his heirs or assigns) any more than they have to consult Shakespeare, and a popular movie is made, the public enjoys it, and the movie makers are rewarded for their work. Why give the author a second bite at the apple at all, let alone in a way that might derail the whole enterprise?

 

[1] In a universe that is heterogeneous w.r.t. copyright length, such movies mainly or only get made in the short-copyright jurisdictions where the author doesn’t have to be consulted or paid; harsh words are likely to be exchanged between different jurisdictions; and the long-copyright jurisdictions have deprived themselves of beneficial opportunities to create derivative works without even providing any benefit to their original creators in the process. (It’s even worse if the long-copyright jurisdiction bans the derivative work because of its copyright-violating properties – then it, but not the short-copyright jurisdiction, loses the social benefit of the work’s existence, too.)

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lemuel pitkin 06.24.09 at 10:41 pm

If I can more than cover my property taxes with the rent from my cigar-chomping hedge-fund-manager tenant, I’m pretty sure I would enormously prefer to keep the massive country house after 30 years of paying the taxes than have it confiscated after 30 years of not paying them

The argument is that they are economically equivalent in that the present value of your future income from the property is the same in both cases.

Of course that doesn’t mean they are equivalent in every respect. Your case is one where you would prefer the tax to the time limit. On the other hand, if you were going to lose the house because you couldn’t pay the tax bill, you might well wish your ownership was time-limited instead. Again, the point is just that limited-duration copyrights are not out of line with the restrictions placed on other sorts of property.

Obviously, it is infeasible to treat IP “just like physical property,” not least because different forms of physical property aren’t treated just like each other. So how then do we decide what legal rules it should exist under? The view of Lessig, CT contributors, etc. is that we should pick the rules most conducive to the public good, and that these will be rules less favorable to IP owners than the current ones.

You evidently disagree; your view seems to be that IP should enjoy a kind “most favored property status” where it is not subject to any limitation unless *all* forms of physical property are subject to the same limitation. But perhaps I’m misunderstanding you?

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steven 06.25.09 at 6:37 am

The view of Lessig, CT contributors, etc. is that we should pick the rules most conducive to the public good

I agree that it boils down to an argument of what the public good actually is.

You evidently disagree; your view seems to be that IP should enjoy a kind “most favored property status” where it is not subject to any limitation unless all forms of physical property are subject to the same limitation. But perhaps I’m misunderstanding you?

I fear so!

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lemuel pitkin 06.25.09 at 1:37 pm

I fear so!

Well, I read this:

I can see the argument that copyright term limits would be effectively consistent with an ad valorem tax on all physical property

(your emphasis), which certainly seems to imply that unless a restriction applied to all physical property, it shouldn’t apply to IP. But perhaps there’s some other reason you highlighted the word “all”?

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