Apropos of Dan’s “post”:https://www.crookedtimber.org/archives/002988.html below, it’s interesting how unconcerned Jim Lindgren and many other “critics”:http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_10_07.shtml#1097679747 of European anti-semitism appear to be when it’s “European Muslims”:http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_12_07.shtml#1102869137 who are at the receiving end of the jackboot. Lindgren links approvingly to a ‘fascinating’ (read: bizarre and very possibly deranged) “article”:http://www.nationalreview.com/hanson/hanson200412100841.asp by Victor Davis Hanson at the National Review Online about the ‘Ents’ of Europe. Apparently, Europeans, like Ents, have slumbered through the threat from Islamofascism. Hanson hopes that the Dutch Ents at least are waking up to the dangers that they face from the Islamists in their midst, and finishes by calling for a European Demosthenes who will ‘soberly but firmly’ demand an end to multiculturalism and the internal threat from radical Islam. It’s quite unfair to note in this context that the leader of the racist Belgian Vlaams Blok party has just “called”:http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1370599,00.html for the European far right to join forces to combat the ‘Islamization of Europe.’ But it’s not at all unfair to see something disturbing and even disgusting in the way that Hanson glides over the mosque-burnings and racist and religious violence that have happened over the last several weeks as a consequence of the ‘waking up’ of the Netherlands. As I’ve “mentioned before”:https://www.crookedtimber.org/archives/001401.html, I much prefer it when the more ignorant members of the American right-wing commentariat limit themselves to attacks on European anti-semitism, even if they grossly exaggerate its extent and effects. It’s much more disturbing when they praise Europe than when they damn it – they invariably latch onto the nastiest and most atavistic aspects of European politics and policy.
{ 95 comments }
mg 12.13.04 at 7:19 pm
Some people, apparently, quite literally live in fantasy world.
It’s unfortunate, though, that the Ents’ lack of concern with Sauron isn’t explored. But surely Gand… Rumsfeld is on it.
Also, whatever would the Ents think of Kyoto? Better not send any hobbits to Europe…
Dave 12.13.04 at 7:45 pm
Assume for a minute that everyone accepts that the people writing these opinion pieces have irrationally negative views towards Islam, and irrationally overprotective views towards European Jewry.
There may still be some merit to the point they are trying to make. Jews have been peaceful, productive members of European society and have – since the end of the ghettos, anyway – tried to assimilate as best their religion would allow them to into European culture. Those that didn’t or couldn’t have left Europe for Israel or the U.S.
There are two Muslim cultures in Europe. One community is very much like the Jews, in that they have become integrated into the population. Another refuses to, cannot, or isn’t being allowed to assimilate (depending on who you ask). That second population is poor, suffers high unemployment, is prone to extremism, and has served as an arm for Islamofascism and terrorism in Europe, both in carrying out attacks and in fund-raising for groups back home.
And for the longest time, much of Europe has refused to even acknowledge the problem this second Muslim community creates. I think it’s to their credit, really – they have tried in every possible way to be tolerant; to sympathize with Palestinians and others who are being oppressed; to try to attone for their own nations’ colonialist pasts in the Middle East.
I think they are finally realizing that no matter how tolerant they try to be, Europe and radical Islam are fundamentally incompatible. Further, they are coming to terms with the scope of the demographics – the sheer number of young, radical, and potentially violent Muslims living right under their very noses. The natural reaction in people who experience this type of epiphany is to become frightened; to lash out; to overreact.
As reasonable people, we shouldn’t praise that overreaction – just as we don’t praise the excesses of the Patriot Act here in the U.S. I think this is where the people you have cited go wrong. But an “I told you so” isn’t completely unwarranted either, especially when some of the people who are just now waking up to the threat in Europe were against even our post-9/11 invasion of Afghanistan.
The key in Europe – as in the U.S. – will be to recognize and combat the threat of radical Islam, without making their societies hostile to Muslims who truly want to be Europeans. Or to use an old cliche, to not throw the baby out with the bathwater.
Dave 12.13.04 at 7:58 pm
Also, is there any way you could post a trackback URL? I had to look at the embedded RDF to find out where to ping.
william 12.13.04 at 8:01 pm
Shorter Victor Davis Hanson: kill all towelheads now. He’s a classic “when you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail” guy. In his case, his hammer is War. A War Hammer, if you will.
Rob 12.13.04 at 8:07 pm
Here we have Victor Davis Hansen, one of those Goldbergian scholars that National Review publishes…
There is a joke in there about Dutch Ent Disease…
No Preference 12.13.04 at 8:09 pm
Jews have been peaceful, productive members of European society and have – since the end of the ghettos, anyway – tried to assimilate as best their religion would allow them to into European culture.
. . .
(One Muslim community) refuses to, cannot, or isn’t being allowed to assimilate . . . . And for the longest time, much of Europe has refused to even acknowledge the problem this . . . Muslim community creates.
It sounds as though it’s a real problem that those Muslims haven’t tried to assimilate. Guess those unassimilated populations of Jews in pre World War II Eastern Europe must have been a real problem, too. At least the Nazis thought they were.
I know that you distinguish the modern-day Muslims from the prewar Jews by characterizing the former as violent and the latter as peaceable. Yet the Nazis had another, also questionable set of negative generalizations about the Jews.
Insofar as there are individual Muslims in Europe who are interested in attacking the societies in which they live, that is a real problem which should be addressed. But let’s be really careful about nasty generalizations about entire groups – poor and unassimilated though they may be.
nic 12.13.04 at 8:11 pm
That second population… has served as an arm for Islamofascism and terrorism in Europe
Excuse me? How many have actually been involved in terrorism? 0.00001%?
But why am I bothering.
“Overreaction”. Setting fire to mosques and beating up people, “overreaction”. Oh yes, the neofascis are acting out of fear now, poor things. Because they have been provoked. We shouldn’t praise them, no, only try and be a little more sympathetic. Ugh.
I second Henry’s conclusion. This kind of “praise” is really disturbing.
If only it was just a matter of people talking nonsense about situations and countries they have no clue about. Sadly it’s not just that.
Uncle Kvetch 12.13.04 at 8:11 pm
It’s quite unfair to note in this context that the leader of the racist Belgiam Vlaams Blok party has just called for the European far right to join forces to combat the ‘Islamization of Europe.’
Why is it unfair?
Rob 12.13.04 at 8:16 pm
There are two Hispanic cultures in the US. One community is very much like the Jews, in that they have become integrated into the population. Another refuses to, cannot, or isn’t being allowed to assimilate (depending on who you ask). That second population is poor, suffers high unemployment, is prone to extremism, and has served as an arm for crime and violence in the US, both in carrying out attacks and in fund-raising for groups back home.
And for the longest time, much of the US has refused to even acknowledge the problem this second Hispanic community creates. I think it’s to their credit, really – they have tried in every possible way to be tolerant; to sympathize with Salvadorns and others who are being oppressed; to try to attone for their own nations’ colonialist pasts in South America.
I think they are finally realizing that no matter how tolerant they try to be, the US and radical Hispancis are fundamentally incompatible. Further, they are coming to terms with the scope of the demographics – the sheer number of young, radical, and potentially violent Hispanics living right under their very noses. The natural reaction in people who experience this type of epiphany is to become frightened; to lash out; to overreact.
jet 12.13.04 at 8:20 pm
Wow, this thread deserves some sort of hallmark or accolade for civility. Never before have I witnessed such civility in a thread about Jews and Muslims. Sign of the apocalypse?
Between Henry, no preference, and Dave I think I actually learned how to properly frame the dilemma.
And just in time for Christmas holiday family debates ;)
Eddie Thomas 12.13.04 at 8:20 pm
I honestly can’t see how your post is related to Hanson’s article. This is the paragraph where Hanson mentions Demosthenes:
“The real question is whether there is any Demosthenes left in Europe, who will soberly but firmly demand assimilation and integration of all immigrants, an end to mosque radicalism, even-handedness in the Middle East, no more subsidies to terrorists like Hamas, a toughness rather than opportunist profiteering with the likes of Assad and the Iranian theocracy — and make it clear that states that aid and abet terrorists in Europe due so to their great peril.”
How exactly is this a call for an end to multiculturalism?
Next, you make a point that you acknowledge is unfair, as if acknowledging it somehow removes from you the responsibility of making it anyway. And then you speak of matters that Hanson glides over, which is a cute way of saying that he doesn’t mention them at all. Why should he? His point is not to praise the Dutch for how they are waking up to the threat of radical Islam, but to note that the wake-up is happening. You have a weak stomach if you find this disgusting.
Rather than trying to tar Hanson by associating him with some far right nationalists, perhaps it would be good to realize that it is the refusal of the liberals to confront the problem of assimilation that gives those far right groups a greater legitimacy by leaving the problem for them to take up. If we don’t find “sober but firm” ways of responding, we might be handing the situation over to the intoxicated.
nic 12.13.04 at 8:28 pm
It’s not an unfair point at all.
Of course VDH would happily gloss over the fact those right wing groups and parties that use his own War on Islamic Evil hammer are also, incidentally, the very same who fuel antisemitism, as well as traditional old style fascist antiamericanism. (During the war in Kosovo, they US was at its most evil for coming to the aid of Muslims. Today, it’s still evil and at the root of all Muslim immigration into Europe, which is a clever CIA / US corporations ploy to weaken the European spirit and economy. No less.)
Why, all that’s just a detail. No principles or reality check can stop the new roman wannabes from making a living with countless editorials about the threat of the new barbarians, even if they have to make excuses for neonazis without officially doing so. In Europe, of course, because if they wrote the same things about Muslims in the US, that would have consequences.
David Sucher 12.13.04 at 8:33 pm
I do not think you are being fair to Hanson.
Specifically, you have re-worded his call to action re: Demosthenes.
He wrote:”The real question is whether there is any Demosthenes left in Europe, who will soberly but firmly demand assimilation and integration of all immigrants, an end to mosque radicalism, even-handedness in the Middle East…”
You wrote:
“…finishes by calling for a European Demosthenes who will ‘soberly but firmly’ demand an end to multiculturalism and the internal threat from radical Islam.”
On second thought, yours is close-enough. You substituted “multicultralism” for “assimilation and integration” and maybe that is fair.
And so what is wrong with his call?
It seems to me that the saving grace of the USA is that we have the tradition, the useful myth, of the melting pot which makes us all — to the limits of human snobbery — Americans whether our ancestors came here in 1619, 1621 or 1975.
The continuation of separate communities –unless explicitly subsumed to some larger national identity — is a recipe for disaster. Moslems must become Europeans if Europe is to survive. In this regard Europe must learn from America.
Why do you object? It seems to me that that is the gist of his article. And quite reasonable. (He could have cut quite a bit.)
nic 12.13.04 at 8:35 pm
it is the refusal of the liberals to confront the problem of assimilation that gives those far right groups a greater legitimacy by leaving the problem for them to take up
Ok, then, let’s take that a bit further, and realise that it was communists and Jews who were responsible for the Holocaust.
Happy now?
If only, if only, they’d tried a bit harder to understand and deal with the things that were worrying the fascists, maybe the fascists wouldn’t have gotten so extreme.
Here’s a suggestion. Why don’t Americans stick to finding excuses for their own racist wingnuts inside their own borders, and live with the consequences of that? Deal?
Henry 12.13.04 at 8:43 pm
bq. How exactly is this a call for an end to multiculturalism?
eddie – you very likely don’t know this, but the evils of multiculturalism are a bit of an idee-fixee for Victor Davis Hanson. The ‘demand’ for the ‘assimilation and integration of all immigrants’ is another way of making an argument against multiculturalism that he’s made many times in the past.
CF for example this “earlier NR piece”:http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/504
bq. If Senator Graham is sincerely worried about our lethal oversights and mistakes, he should examine the orthodoxies and policies that have precluded the according of special scrutiny to radical Islamists in mosques and religious schools across America. Most operated with impunity for decades under the exemptions provided by the false gods of “diversity” and “multiculturalism.”
See “here”:http://www.nationalreview.com/hanson/hanson020102.shtml for a more extended rant along the same lines.
You’re walloping away at a straw man here. Nobody doubts the need to take serious police action against some of the dodgier radical Muslims in Europe. Nor are there many who are prepared to defend European policies towards immigrants – they clearly haven’t worked. But as best as I can tell, Victor Davis Hanson appears to believe that Islam is essentially inferior to Western civilization. This puts him in the same company as some deeply nasty people – his problem, not mine.
aeon skoble 12.13.04 at 8:49 pm
It’s not about the Jews. The murdered filmmaker Van Gogh was not a Jew, and his film wasn’t about Muslim treatment of Jews — it was about Muslim treatment of (Muslim) women, which is entirely out of synch with modern European thinking about the role (and rights) of women. They murdered Van Gogh because they were angry at him for making a film which was “blasphemous,” i.e., which criticized the sharia law.
Rob 12.13.04 at 8:54 pm
“They” of course was ever single Muslim in the Netherlands. So you can see why action must be taken.
Dan Simon 12.13.04 at 8:56 pm
There are two Hispanic cultures in the US….
The interesting thing is that you didn’t use the more obvious American analogy. Or rather, the more obvious American analogy, say, ten years ago. The fascinating thing about the current racial/ethnic/religious tension in Europe is that it’s rearing its head just as virtually exactly the same problem has pretty much disappeared off the political radar screen in America. Perhaps there are some lessons to be learned….
(more here.)
Dave 12.13.04 at 8:57 pm
Rob, I’m not sure what point you are making by replacing Muslim with Hispanic in my previous comment… Are you attempting to show that my analysis is reasonable or that it is unreasonable?
Because – other than the threat of international terrorism, which isn’t necessarily a problem among Hispanic immigrants – the U.S. is struggling with a similar problem in terms of unassimilated immigrants. Uncontrolled, illegal immigration into the U.S. creates a permanent underclass of people who are not offered the same legal protections as citizens, and whose communities provide a breeding ground for drug and crime problems.
The situation is bad for both the U.S. and its “undocumented” residents. Moreso for the immigrants, since at least the U.S. benefits from the cheap labor – which is probably why the problem isn’t addressed. In Europe, on the other hand, people are realizing that the negatives, including an ideology that preaches the destruction of their very society, far outweigh the positives.
There are a number of ways to solve these problems. In the U.S., a combination of accelerated citizenship or amnesty programs and tighter border security could ease the situation. In Europe, a balance must be struck between creating an atmosphere where Muslims can assimilate and one where radical Islam cannot propagate. Ignoring or denying the problem in either case will only lead to worse problems down the road.
Dominic Gundisalvi 12.13.04 at 8:58 pm
Melanie Phillips is another one of these kooks. Here she approvingly cites a think-tank report:
and she continues:
Dave 12.13.04 at 9:09 pm
“it is the refusal of the liberals to confront the problem of assimilation that gives those far right groups a greater legitimacy by leaving the problem for them to take up”
Ok, then, let’s take that a bit further, and realise that it was communists and Jews who were responsible for the Holocaust.
A failure to assimilate can be the fault of either the society, the group in question, or both. It may be the root cause of a host of problems, including poverty, unemployment, and radicalization, but it is not in and of itself something that must absolutely be addressed.
The problem in both of these posts is that the real issues are radicalization, violence, and terrorism, not the presence of a culturally-isolated group. Pre-WWII, German Jews weren’t blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures in the name of Judaism. (And even if they were, my point is that it would then be necessary to isolate the groups responsible without alienating law-abiding German Jews.)
Henry 12.13.04 at 9:13 pm
Just occurred to me that I didn’t give the full context of the quote in my comment above.
bq. The 9/11 tragedy was not due simply to bureaucratic inertia or to some sort of oil conspiracy that overlooked criminal behavior of the sheiks of the petroleum states (though all that no doubt played a role), but was far more a dividend of political correctness. If Senator Graham is sincerely worried about our lethal oversights and mistakes, he should examine the orthodoxies and policies that have precluded the according of special scrutiny to radical Islamists in mosques and religious schools across America. Most operated with impunity for decades under the exemptions provided by the false gods of “diversity” and “multiculturalism.”
Political correctness was the main cause of 9/11??? It’s a rather extraordinary claim.
abb1 12.13.04 at 9:58 pm
Dave,
…the real issues are radicalization, violence, and terrorism, not the presence of a culturally-isolated group…
True, but aside from murdering one Dutch asshole, what ‘radical Islam’ kind of violence are we talking about?
I understand there is a lot anti-semitism there, but that not ‘radical Islam’, it’s more of an ethnic quarrel, sorta like Irish-Italian hostilities in the US years ago. I know there were some arrests in the UK recently, but can’t recall any actual ‘radical Islam’ violence.
Could you list some recent ‘radical Islam’ incidents in Europe, please?
Why do you think Europe and radical Islam are more fundamentally incompatible than, say Europe and radical Catholicism?
Thanks.
Tom Doyle 12.13.04 at 10:04 pm
“There may still be some merit to the point they are trying to make. Jews have been peaceful, productive members of European society and have – since the end of the ghettos, anyway – tried to assimilate as best their religion would allow them to into European culture. Those that didn’t or couldn’t have left Europe for Israel or the U.S.”
Assimilate into European culture? Jews were a part of European culture.
Irkam 12.13.04 at 10:17 pm
I’m also pretty depressed and the sanguine attitude of right-wing Americans towards anti-Muslim hatred in Europe. But reading this partiuclar VDH peice in isolation, one could be more genewrous tot he man.
VDH wrote:
soberly but firmly demand assimilation and integration of all immigrants,
This could be read to mean that VDH is demanding that European bigotry agaisnt Muslims end. That affirmative action and postive discrimination be used to integrate marginalized minorities. That media, government, the judiciary, academai and business make an effort to reflect the Muslim presence in the country. That, in short, Europe reconginze that the Msulim ‘problem’ is similar to the ‘negro problem’ of the bad old days — that is, a problem in the attitudes of the majority.
I know this runs contrary to most of what VDH, author of Mexifornia, has written. But you didn’t cite or link to other VDH peices to provide the proper context.
George 12.13.04 at 11:25 pm
I’m glad someone else made the Dutch Ent Disease joke, so I don’t have to.
Chris Bertram 12.13.04 at 11:55 pm
I’m reading this comments thread with growing amazement and dismay.
Some reasons for my dismay.
The generally very sensible and reasonable David Sucher, who writes intelligently about cities, holds up the United States as a model of integration compared to segregated Europe.
David, perhaps you’d like to take a look at how residentially segregrated US cities are by race, as compared to British cities, and then reconsider your comment.
“aeon skoble” writes “They murdered Van Gogh….” No _they_ didn’t. Someone did, but Muslims, collectively, did nothing of the sort.
“Dave” writes “Pre-WWII, German Jews weren’t blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures in the name of Judaism.” No, that’s right, they weren’t. But in the eyes of the radical right they were responsible for the Russian Revolution, the failed German Revolution and the defeat of German y in WW1. No doubt the “aeon skobles” of the time were writing, at length about what “they” did.
George 12.13.04 at 11:59 pm
On a more serious note, Henry, VDH is not totally offbase when he cites “political correctness” as a cause of 9/11, to the extent that institutional factors that may have blocked the prevention of the event can be called causes. For instance, IIRC, the FAA used to prohibit an airline from questioning more than two Arab males from a single flight, presumably as a safeguard against racial profiling. It’s not unreasonable to suggest that fear of liability (legal or political) may have caused some law enforcement agencies to pursue the various red flags (the flight schools, the visa violations, etc) less aggressively than they otherwise might have.
Furthermore, VDH doesn’t claim that political correctness was “the main cause,” but only that it was a more important cause than either bureaucratic inertia or “oil conspiracies.” His words — at least your excerpt here — leave open the possibility that he thinks other factors were still more important causes — which he undoubtedly does.
You might disagree with VDH’s ordering — how important political correctness was compared to other factors, like simple incompetence — but I don’t think his claim is all that “extraordinary.”
No Preference 12.14.04 at 12:15 am
Pre-WWII, German Jews weren’t blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures in the name of Judaism.
As I said earlier, the Nazis attributed a different but equally negative set of characteristics to the Jews.
(And even if they were, my point is that it would then be necessary to isolate the groups responsible without alienating law-abiding German Jews.)
Right. So why are you attacking not a group or groups, but the entire population of “unassimilated” Muslims?
Walt Pohl 12.14.04 at 12:31 am
Does America do a worse job of integrating _immigrants_ than Europe? America has permanent problems with black-wite relations, but that seems distinct from the assimilation of immigrants.
Luc 12.14.04 at 12:51 am
A problem is that there are many fans in the Netherlands, and probably in the rest of Europe too, of those neocon type anti-muslim authors.
They might not lecture about the laws of anti-semitism, like the likudnik “you can’t say that” conspiracists, but in other aspects these Europeans worship the same ideology.
In fact, having read a few of those neocon rants about Europe, their information is mostly second hand, and probably ripped from some European anti-muslim author.
To quote Hansen
This is the core of the Muslim hate in the Netherlands. Some still don’t consider people born and educated here as part of their society. “They” still are guests “in utter contempt of, their Western hosts.”
You can frame this argument in many ways, from religious issues to human rights, but they all tend to converge on the us vs. them idiom.
cesperugo 12.14.04 at 12:55 am
“It’s much more disturbing when they praise Europe than when they damn it”
My feelings exactly. :) But -hum ho hum- the Ent analogy is not too far off, I think. I can almost see it, a golem of benevolent crooked timber, compulsively nodding when disturbed from the peaceful snooze called the Third Way. Dreaming a society where diversity, tolerance and freedom are not in natural conflict, but effortless and intrinsic. A society without dilemma, where only understanding is understood. Fully quantified, but where math has lost its meaning, because all equations are true.
Like an America, but with the Native Americans winning because they *understand*.
tc 12.14.04 at 1:29 am
So why was there massive, majority support for the French head-scarf ban, and why was Pim Fortuyn recently voted the greatest Dutchman ever? Are large majorities of Europe’s population far-right, jackbooted Nazis?
Dan Simon 12.14.04 at 1:46 am
There seems to be a lot of talking past one another in this thread. I’d like to propose three points that perhaps we can all agree on:
1) There is a (fairly small) portion of the European Muslim population that pose a very serious problem because they “are terrorist”–meaning that they have embraced as part of their cultural identity the practice of actively supporting, or even participating in, anti-Western terrorism.
2) There is a (much larger, but still minority) portion of the European Muslim population that pose a very serious problem because they have “not integrated”–meaning, specifically, that they have embraced as part of their cultural identity a rejection of the most basic elements of modern European life, such as earning a living and refraining from criminal activity.
3) There is a (fairly large, but still minority) portion of the European non-Muslim population that pose a very serious problem because they “are racist”–meaning that they have embraced as part of their cultural identity a willingness to engage in publicly discriminatory conduct against, or even support or participate in violence towards, legal residents of their country solely because the latter are Muslim (or, more generally, of non-European ethnicity).
If we can all agree on these problem definitions, then we can perhaps move on to a clearer, more coherent discussion of solutions.
Dr Mic 12.14.04 at 2:10 am
Excuse me? How many have actually been involved in terrorism? 0.00001%?
The above comment by Nic is typical of the naïve of many so-called progressives – I
say so call-called as real progressives oppose religious fundamentalists who oppress women etc and not make excuses for them.
The reality as shown in recent surveys is that over 10% of Muslims in the UK and France would welcome another Sept 11 in their own country and about 50 percent or more view the US and their allies Australia, the UK etc more negatively than they view the likes of the Taliban and al Qaeda. The rush to defend Islam also covers up a host of other inconvenient facts. Muslims with about 20 percent of the worlds population have produced, I think, only 5 Nobel prize winners while Jews with something like 0.02 of the worlds population have I think received over a hundred Nobel prizes.
The reality is that as Muslim writer Irshad Manji notes the extreme is very much the mainstream in Islam unlike other religions. She also courageously notes that until Muslims accept their own faults and stop blaming Jews and the US for their problems nothing much will change.
novakant 12.14.04 at 3:08 am
When it comes to Muslims in Europe there are two major problems that need to be identified: the existence of a radical Islamist underground and the lack of integration of a subset of the Muslim population. While there are potential connections between those two problematic areas, they need to be kept apart and addressed with different means and tactics. It is also important to note, that there are a lot of Muslims living in Europe who are not afflicted by these problems and go about their business like everybody else.
I will mostly talk about Germany, for the simple reason that I know the situation there better than the one in the UK, France or The Netherlands.
There exists indeed a network of radical Islamists in Germany and it has come into sharp focus after the 9/11 attacks, not least because 3 of the hijackers and the man in charge of logistics where formerly students in Hamburg, comprising the so-called “Hamburg cell”. The subsequent investigation prompted changes in German law, as far as the right of the government to outlaw religious associations was concerned. This was a necessary step, yet the application of the law is a tricky business, since it might interfere with the right to free practice of religion. Things are not made easier by the fact that a lot of these activities take place in mosques and community centers, which are obviously hard to monitor, for practical as well as legal reasons. Furthermore, in order to convict there has to be proof of unconstitutional or terrorist activities.
Unless the state wants to severely impede the religious freedom, it has to tread a fine line here, especially given the importance of not offending moderate muslims.To cut a long story short, the problem of radical Islamism is to be countered with the means of law enforcement, and it is by no means an easy task.
The lack of integration among a significant subset of Muslims is another story and has to be tackled with different means. There is a generation of Turkish women in Germany who still don’t speak sufficient german to fill out a form or sign a contract, instead letting their men take care of all these things. These women lack the basic abilities for taking part in civic society, but educating them is harder than one might think. A friend of mine was involved in a program to teach them the basics of the german language and to her surprise found out that 90% of them were illiterate. The language problem perpetuates itself when children raised in such households, where only Turkish is spoken and Turkish satellite TV runs all day, come into grade school, not knowing enough german to follow the class and subsequently dropping out of school without a proper education. There is also a big problem of domestic violence in Muslim families.
Note that these are extreme but not uncommon examples. Tackling these problems requires a massive amount of government intervention and investment and, again, is a difficult task since you basically can’t force a lifestyle down people’s throats and change their cultural orientation by a simple sleight of hand. The carrot might be better than the stick in
this case.
Now, in what way are these two problems interrelated? One could posit that lack of integration along with a dismal personal economic perspective leads immigrants into political and religious radicalization. Yet, while undereducated and underprivileged young Muslims might face a dismal future in German society, most of them don’t become radicalized – failure to integrate, while regrettable, doesn’t necessitate religious extremism. These people might resort to petty crime or harassment, but so do some members of the german underclass. Let’s also not forget that the “Hamburg Cell” was comprised of middle-class Saudi-arabian “imports”, which spoke three languages and had all the job prospects in the world. The final step to radicalization requires some other ingredients.
Finally, placing the blame for the lack of immigration on the shoulders of weak-need multiculturalist liberals is, at least in the case of Germany, absolute nonsense. Historically, it was the conservatives who refused to even acknowledge the problems connected with immigration on ideological grounds, their oft repeated slogan was “Germany is not a society of immigrants” (mirrored on the far right with “Germany for the Germans”). German identity was defined largely as belonging to a people, rather than to a society comprised of shared values. Consequently in the 16 years of the Kohl era, little was done on the federal level with respect to the integration of immigrants. The much maligned multicultural liberals were pretty much the only force trying to tackle the problem. While there were some excesses of ideological multiculturalism, the vast majority of liberal activists soon realized the limits of tolerance, especially when it came to women’s rights. By working closely with immigrants on the local level they were faced with practical problems instead of ideological battles and gained experience which proves very helpful in the current efforts to pursue integration.
novakant 12.14.04 at 3:12 am
ermm, that should read:
“placing the blame for the lack of integration“
novakant 12.14.04 at 3:13 am
ermm, that should read:
“placing the blame for the lack of integration“
Jackmormon 12.14.04 at 4:06 am
David Sucher wrote:
You substituted “multicultralism” for “assimilation and integration” and maybe that is fair.
As Novakant explained above, it isn’t fair. Assimilation and multiculturalism aren’t the same things at all. The problem in many European countries has been that they have demanded that Muslim immigrants assimilate, without ever being willing to recognize the difficult cultural issues involved in such integration.
Novakant’s description of Germany is so good that I’ll limit my comments on that country to a statistic I’ve mentioned somewhere else. I taught at the university level in Germany last year (American studies), and out of about 150 students I met, only two had plausibly muslim names (only about five had non-German or Eastern European names), one of whom dropped out after a week.
In France, which I know better, the situation of immigrants is similarly grave. The official position of the government has been that immigrants are to assimilate to the dominant secular French culture, a position that has been expressed in logical if extreme form in the banning of the veil. This by the way is not a new idea, but the new law is by far the most aggressive.
The fact of the matter is that the official assimilationist policy has made it so that the government has been completely unable to deal with the foreign cultures it has admitted. So, as Novakant points out, it’s only been the most progressive elements of French society to point out that multiculturalism might mitigate some of the problems that a largely unassimilated immigrant population might–and in fact does–pose.
Let me stipulate, however, that sometimes the assimilationist plan works. I have met many well-assimilated French Muslims and Carribbean Blacks, although I can’t say for sure what they’ve been through. There’s a stunning museum of Arabic culture in Paris; it’s fashionable for white French people to go for tea at the Mosque; white women wear turbans, and most French people at least intellectually sympathecize with the formally colonized people of Algeria.
But there’s a real problem. Young North African men harrassing women on the streets, no-go ghettoes, total lack of representation for the Muslim and Arab immigrants, technocratic limits in education and hiring: the purely assimilationist, even elitist, model of getting-on in French society has neglected to address the difference in culture that its more open borders has invited.
Maybe the technocratic elites of Europes have behaved entishly, but the immigrant populations don’t or didn’t have to be trolls.
Oh, this has gone on too long, and I don’t know what I’m trying to say. I’m disgusted by the American triumphalism at any reaction against or towards European Muslim communities. Still, I’ve thought for years that American multiculturalism is a good step towards enabling the kind of assimilationism that European governments wanted to presume. As I said to my French friends, “Vous n’avez que commencer a adresser vos problemes de race, tandis qu’aux Etats-Unis, l’on ne peut jamais y echapper.” There. I’m done.
David Sucher 12.14.04 at 4:25 am
Wow!
I thought I was saying the obvious. Assimilation and integration to the dominant culture is the only sensible thing; it’s what everyone’s grandparents did when they came to the USA and it works.
Just to clarify what I understand the terms to mean:
Multiculturalism might be public education in the language of many immigrant groups.
Assimilation requires that public education is in the majority language. Period. The parental language is for after school.
Makes sense to me. “Millions for teaching English to new immigrants. Not a penny for teaching first grade in the native tongue.”
Are there any public policies in Europe which inhibit new immigrants from assimilating? I suspect that European countries do not have the useful myth of the melting pot so it’s probably more of a social problem. But assimilation — as opposed to multiculturalism — seems to me to be the only practical answer.
What’s the issue?
Matt 12.14.04 at 5:11 am
Jack and Novakant
–Those were both useful posts- thanks. Most of the talk about “intigration” or “multiculturalism” here, and elsewhere, is a huge muddle- it’s not clear if people mean “fit in or get out!” like when “why can’t we all just be Americans?” means “why can’t those people act white!” or if people actually mean working to absorb the other group in a way that’s respectful of all. So, thanks for the first-hand and reasonable perspective (even w/ the bit of showing off in French at the end.)
luci phyrr 12.14.04 at 5:27 am
“has served as an arm for Islamofascism and terrorism in Europe, both in carrying out attacks and in fund-raising for groups back home”
If true, is it significant? I’ll bet more innocent people died in one day from violent homicides in inner cities in America in the early 90’s than from Islamofascist terrorist attacks in all of Europe in any given year.
Boo!
I guess we all have our projects. You know what really scares me? Undercooked chicken. There oughta be a war.
recent surveys is that over 10% of Muslims in the UK and France would welcome another Sept 11 in their own country and about 50 percent or more view the US and their allies Australia more negatively than they view the Taliban and al Qaeda. Muslims with about 20 percent of the worlds population have produced, I think, only 5 Nobel prize winners while Jews with something like 0.02 of the worlds population have I think received over a hundred Nobel prizes.
I wish to formally register a giggle.
luci phyrr 12.14.04 at 5:31 am
“has served as an arm for Islamofascism and terrorism in Europe, both in carrying out attacks and in fund-raising for groups back home”
If true, is it significant? I’ll bet more innocent people died in one day from violent homicides in inner cities in America in the early 90’s than from Islamofascist terrorist attacks in all of Europe in any given year. Boo!
I guess we all have our projects. You know what really scares me? Undercooked chicken. There oughta be a war.
recent surveys is that over 10% of Muslims in the UK and France would welcome another Sept 11 in their own country and about 50 percent or more view the US and their allies more negatively than they view the Taliban and al Qaeda. Muslims with 20 percent of the worlds population have produced only 5 Nobel prize winners while Jews with 0.02 of the worlds population have received over a hundred Nobel prizes.
I wish to formally register a giggle. And now Satan must eat.
Andrew Boucher 12.14.04 at 6:27 am
“Could you list some recent ‘radical Islam’ incidents in Europe, please?”
3/11 (Madrid)
“Pre-WWII, German Jews weren’t blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures in the name of Judaism.” Factually, the event which sparked Crystal Night was the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew.
Andrew Boucher 12.14.04 at 6:56 am
“Sparked” is an inappropriate word there; “used to justify” would be better.
bad Jim 12.14.04 at 7:45 am
Assimilation of Latino immigrants in the U.S. remains problematic. It’s a different situation than the one Europe faces. America and Mexico share a long and porous border, and many American states were formerly Mexican. The immigrants aren’t necessarily here to stay, and the ones that are (and even the families that were here before us gringos) often maintain significant ties to the neighboring nation.
It remains an extremely contentious issue. We’re divided over a range of issues including bilingual education, drivers licenses for illegal immigrants, social services and so forth. We certainly haven’t figured out what we’re doing.
But we’re buying more salsa than catsup, and that can only be a good thing.
Elliott Oti 12.14.04 at 7:49 am
There are two separate issues being conflated (unwittingly, I suspect). There is the time-honoured traditional European pastime of bashing the great unwashed masses of ignorant immigrants, and there is the danger from radical activist islam.
The problem, approached from a realist perspective, is that the most dangerous elements of current radical islam in Europe are all too often well-educated, sometimes highly educated, smart, and well-integrated. They are not ignorant of Western society, they know exactly what it is and they have rejected it.
Fortuitously, from the bigot perspective (and there is no shortage of bigots in Europe) the problems caused by these same elements can be used to bash black-clad, headscarf-wearing, functionally illiterate Turkish women absolutely incapable of defending themselves from such multi-frontal assaults in the media and from politicians.
In the Netherlands the minister of Immigration Affairs and Integration has proposed that all migrants with less than 8 years of schooling in the Netherlands should follow a compulsory course in integration.
Van Gogh’s killer was raised and educated in the Netherlands. (A former teacher of his described him as a quiet, well-behaved, exemplary student). Fortuyn’s killer was a Dutch Green activist. Imam Abdul-Jabbar van de Ven, whose name has been all over the Dutch papers in connection with his ‘death wish’ for right-populist politician Geert Wilders, is a Dutch convert to Islam à la Cat Stevens.
All of these gentlemen would have been exempted from the compulsory integration programs.
The black-clad ‘pinguins’ (as Turkish women are denigratingly called) waddling along the street with three children in tow, will however faithfully attend such programs. (For as long as they last, until the next cabinet decides they are an expensive waste of time and pull the plug). After all, they do what they’re told, don’t they?
There is a near-complete lack of critical examination of the real (and largely separate) problems of integration and radical islam here in the Netherlands. Largely because the danger posed by radical Islam to Western society is on the one hand serious enough to be spicy, and allow genuine displays of self-righteous anger and immigrant bashing. On the other hand radical Islam is apparently not dangerous enough to be taken seriously, since no attempt is being made in the Netherlands to address or redress its root causes – everyone is using it to further his/her pet agendas.
Dan Simon 12.14.04 at 7:49 am
Most of the talk about “intigration†or “multiculturalism†here, and elsewhere, is a huge muddle
If the American experience is anything to go by, it’s also hugely counterproductive. The debate over “integration” vs. “multiculturalism” (usually referred to as “separatism”) formed a huge part of the racial conflict that simmered in the US for at least 25 years. It was accompanied by much strife, including plenty of violence, and never came close to being resolved. Today there is much less talk of either, and racial tensions in America are way down.
Of course, which way the direction of causation runs–or if there is a third factor causing both phenomena–is unclear. What is clear, though, is that neither the convinced integrationists nor the convinced separatists helped alleviate America’s racial problems, which largely subsided around the time that both factions faded into the background.
anon 12.14.04 at 8:52 am
George: I’ve heard this one before: For instance, IIRC, the FAA used to prohibit an airline from questioning more than two Arab males from a single flight, presumably as a safeguard against racial profiling.
Fortunately, it’s totally false.
Plus, it’s sensible to prohibit questioning more than zero people of any ethnicity on the grounds of that ethnicity.
abb1 12.14.04 at 9:21 am
Andrew,
I don’t think Madrid 3/11 belongs here: it wasn’t related to European culture/politics/immigration. I think Madrid 3/11 is a good illustration of the opposite point: European approach to confronting terrorism works while the American doesn’t.
I remember st Patrick parade in South Boston a few years ago – stands on the streets collecting donations and recruiting volunteers for the IRA. Does it mean that the US had Irish or Catholic problem? I don’t think so. The UK had a problem.
Similarly, it’d like to suggest an alternative to the Europe and radical Islam are fundamentally incompatible thesis. It’s also very simple: Middle East might be fundamentally incompatible with armed to the teeth, militant brutal Jewish ultra-nationalist movement that exists right in the center of the region. This incompatibility has been causing terrible problems in the region and throughout the Muslim world – for decades; and more recently serious problems in Europe and the US. Radical Islam in Europe may cause some problems too, of course, but not nearly as much as the ‘elephant in the room’.
washerdreyer 12.14.04 at 10:17 am
abb1-
I’m sorry, but doesn’t that put far too little responsibility on anyone but the Israeli’s? Your claim appears to be that Israel’s occuptation of the West Bank and Gaza are at least the plurality cause of Islamic terrorism everywhere in the world. Is that really what you believe? I’ve seen your comments here and at Yglesias’s for something like half a year now, and that view doesn’t seem in accord with previous comments, but maybe I’ve misread those.
another rob 12.14.04 at 10:37 am
I think there is a confusion in much of the discussion here, prompted by the quote from Davis Hanson, between assimilation and integration. Assimilation and integration are not the same thing: to assimilate is to make like some other thing, whereas to integrate is to draw into some other thing. For example, the French headscarf ban is a classic example of assimilation. It says to Muslims, you will accept the existing norms of this society and you will be excluded and suffer if you do not. To integrate is a reciprocal process, whereby both parties agree to make some sacrifices or changes. It seems to me that a lot of the problems of dealing with Muslim immigration to Western Europe (let’s not forget there are indigenous Muslim populations in the Balkans, which are part of Europe) are to do with the failure of a model of assimilation. Surely part of the problem of the Turks in Germany, as Novakant does not mention, is that they are guest workers who despite having lived in Germany for decades and in many cases having been born there, and as such are denied full citizenship rights (this is in stark contrast to ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, who can gain German citizenship incredibly easily despite having never lived there). In this case, the model of assimilation is completely skewed against the immigrants from the beginning, because of the partly ethnic understanding of what it is to be German, and although in other cases the problems maybe less obvious, I suspect at root they are similar. Part of the problem is that almost all European states are creations of historical contingency at best two hundred years old, and have been in part tied together by created and exclusive notions of national identity, which are not particularly welcoming to others. Americans do also have this problem – visions of the new Jerusalem and so on – but it doesn’t seem to be as serious. Integration would need to address the exclusivity of the notion of national identity, partly as manifested in government behaviour, but more importantly by making that notion of national identity more open. Of course, immigrants should also be prepared to accept changes to their ways of life too.
nic 12.14.04 at 10:49 am
They murdered Van Gogh…
For your information, it’s *he* murdered Van Gogh. One person committed the murder. One murderer, one victim.
Interestingly, the racist attacks that have more than once culminated in killing rarely get a mention these days. Not that anyone would remember in the 80’s (or was it early 90’s) when some naziskin in Germany burned down an entire hostel full of predominantly Muslim immigrants. The other more “ordinary” attacks in the past two decades never got to the front pages outside of local or national press. It was no one famous, after all.
dave – A failure to assimilate can be the fault of either the society, the group in question, or both. It may be the root cause of a host of problems, including poverty, unemployment, and radicalization, but it is not in and of itself something that must absolutely be addressed.
“Address” does not equal finding excuses for racist pricks who attack people and set fire to buildings.
There are a lot of local instances of efforts at “addressing” the issue. People like VDH only want to see the “overreaction” as proof that indeed, nothing is being done and so “overreaction” should be somehow understood. His interest, or anyone’s with that mentality, is not real integration. Some people just want to bash. VDH is only selling propaganda to support the ideology behind the Bush administration idea of war on terrorism. He couldn’t care less about Europe or Muslims.
The problem in both of these posts is that the real issues are radicalization, violence, and terrorism, not the presence of a culturally-isolated group. Pre-WWII, German Jews weren’t blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures in the name of Judaism. (And even if they were, my point is that it would then be necessary to isolate the groups responsible without alienating law-abiding German Jews.)
Muslims who live and work and go to school in Europe are *not* blowing up buildings or assassinating public figures. When Amsterdam and London become like Ramallah and Gaza, then maybe it’ll make sense to use “they”. In the 70’s, Europe had a serious strain of internal terrorism. Far left and far right groups, very active, with lots of political connections, often thriving in environments that excused and apologised for those acts. It was a steady presence and not just a matter of a few exceptional acts, but an ongoing climate of unrest and near civil war especially in some countries. Then the IRA, the ETA… Hundreds of people were killed. When and where have European Muslims who live in Europe even come close to anything like that?
nic 12.14.04 at 11:00 am
When it comes to Muslims in Europe there are two major problems that need to be identified: the existence of a radical Islamist underground and the lack of integration of a subset of the Muslim population. While there are potential connections between those two problematic areas, they need to be kept apart and addressed with different means and tactics. It is also important to note, that there are a lot of Muslims living in Europe who are not afflicted by these problems and go about their business like everybody else.
Exactly. Well said Novakant, the rest of your comment too. (It’s interesting how the background of the terrorists in the Hamburg cell or the Madrid bombings gets so easily overlooked when making the case for a link between integration problems and terrorism. )
abb1 12.14.04 at 11:05 am
Washer,
all extremism is dangerous – Islamic, Jewish, Christian, Left and Right, but some are more dangerous and consequential than others at times.
Without a parallel universe we will never know what the Muslim culture would look like today had some form of humanistic Zionism emerged in Palestine 50 years ago instead of what they have there now, but is there any doubt that I/P conflict is a huge factor in this clash of cultures? Not 100%, but 60% maybe?
And it’s not necessarily responsibility of the Israelis, the westerners created the state, drew the maps in 1948, the Europeans were heavily involved in the 1956 conflict, Americans in post-1967 situation and so on.
60 year after the WWII ended, there is still a fair amount of animosity towards the Germans in France and other countries. I mean, imagine a militaristic nuclear-armed ultra-nationalist Muslim state in Alsace with its capital in Strasburg, Alsace refugees scatter around Europe for 50 years and so on – how would it affect the western culture vis-a-vis the Muslims?
aeon skoble 12.14.04 at 11:39 am
Chris and Nic and Rob seem to have interpreted my use of “they” in a comment post to imply that I hold some notion of collective responsibility. I don’t. I’ll cop to having expressed myself somewhat infelicitously if you guys will lighten up a tad. My use of the plural was meant only to imply that the murder of Van Gogh by a fundamentalist fanatic was of a piece with other attempts by fundamentalist fanatics to intimidate liberal culture going back at least as far as the death sentence on Salman Rushdie. Was that sentence pronounced by a “he” or a “they”? Obviously one person issued the fatwa, but it only had effect because of many thousands of others endorsing it. In the Van Gogh case, interviews with other Dutch Muslims showed large amounts of support for the killing, on the grounds that the film was indeed blasphemous. Even on NPR, interviewees were agreeing that he deserved to be killed for making this film. So my perhaps imprecise use of “they” referred to “fanatical fundamentalist Muslims,” not to all Muslims, ok?
aeon skoble 12.14.04 at 11:41 am
Chris and Nic and Rob seem to have interpreted my use of “they” in a comment post to imply that I hold some notion of collective responsibility. I don’t. I’ll cop to having expressed myself somewhat infelicitously if you guys will lighten up a tad. My use of the plural was meant only to imply that the murder of Van Gogh by a fundamentalist fanatic was of a piece with other attempts by fundamentalist fanatics to intimidate liberal culture going back at least as far as the death sentence on Salman Rushdie. Was that sentence pronounced by a “he” or a “they”? Obviously one person issued the fatwa, but it only had effect because of many thousands of others endorsing it. In the Van Gogh case, interviews with other Dutch Muslims showed large amounts of support for the killing, on the grounds that the film was indeed blasphemous. Even on NPR, interviewees were agreeing that he deserved to be killed for making this film. So my perhaps imprecise use of “they” referred to “fanatical fundamentalist Muslims,” not to all Muslims, ok?
Martin Wisse 12.14.04 at 12:39 pm
Look, what is going on in the Netherlands at the moment is nothing but the periodical moral panic about the latest group of immigrants that “cause problems”, made worse by the worldwide political climate after the September 11 attacks.
Twenty years ago it was the Surinamers, before that the Turks, so all the way back to the refugees from Antwerp during the 80 years war…
catfish 12.14.04 at 3:17 pm
Okay, I’m coming into this discussion a little late, but I wanted to point out that the really sucessful immigrants to America have done so because they haven’t assimilated. For example, Italian immigrants to the southern United states in the early 20th century were able to advance economically by opening small grocery stores in black neighborhoods. They lost all claims to respectability, but many, like the Bruno family, made a good bit of money.
Today, there are Vietnamese immigrants in the suburbs of Atlanta who make up for their lack of capital or English language skills by having several families live together in a house that one of them purchases. Wages are pooled. Expenses are shared. They are sucessful because they reject American individualism and much of American culture.
DaveC 12.14.04 at 4:41 pm
Whenever I see happy natives on television programs it is obvious that they are happy because they reject American individualism and much of American culture. I am certainly glad that those successful Vietnamese are able to stand up against America, but still am very sad that that they were taken away from the paradise that is Vietnam and brought to this terrible countr ;p
Ginger Yellow 12.14.04 at 4:45 pm
” There is a (much larger, but still minority) portion of the European Muslim population that pose a very serious problem because they have “not integratedâ€â€”meaning, specifically, that they have embraced as part of their cultural identity a rejection of the most basic elements of modern European life, such as earning a living and refraining from criminal activity.”
I’m amazed this hasn’t received more comment, because it’s utterly outrageous. In what possible way is “earning a living and refraining from criminal activity” a basic element of “modern European life”, as opposed to modern Asian life or historical European life, for example? What a ludicrous thing to say.
abb1 12.14.04 at 5:10 pm
Yeah, Catfish, with all due respect, your examples sound more like exceptions to the rule. Poor immigrans do indeed tend to stick together, but successful ones usually move away and assimilate; the second generation for sure.
nic 12.14.04 at 5:41 pm
Aeon, the murder of Van Gogh was not decreed by a fatwa. It was done by a single individual who had a rather particular history. As for the interviews and polls you mention, well, let me tale a kilo of salt before I swallow the belief in one single collective voice that unanymously spoke in support of the murder. The Muslim religious authorities and community representatives in Holland condemned it. Liars?
Look, it’s not complicated. Most people among European Muslims, including in Holland are neither terrorist or crazed fanatics. Most people in Europe, including in Holland, are not racists. The problems are caused by the nutcases in both areas. It only takes a tiny minority to make bad things happen, but it takes an enormous amount of bias to focus only on that and to identify one group – Muslims – with a tiny fraction of it, while on the other hand finding all sorts of excuses for the fraction (possibly larger) of racist nutjobs among whitey white non-Muslim Europeans.
Your use of “they” instead of “he” is very typical in that respect.
I’d only like to add one thing about people making comparisons with the US – “immigration” is not an abstract unchangeable category, or something that exists in a sphere of its own, in one single kind. It’s always, always relative to where and when it happens. So there’s just no point in comparing immigrants to the US especially in past decades to recent immigration in Europe. It’s impossible, and useless, whatever point you’re trying to make.
aeon skoble 12.14.04 at 6:55 pm
Nic, my reference to a “fatwa” was w.r.t. the Rushdie case. As to anonymity, I can’t recall whether the NPR interviewees who endorsed the murder were identified by name or not, but perhaps the story is still on their web site. As to my being typical, again, my use of a plural pronoun (a) was not intended to stereotype all muslims or all non-whites, but (b) was accurate in the sense that there is support for the murder in the fundamentalist community.
David Sucher 12.14.04 at 8:03 pm
Catfish, I simply don’t see the evidence for your statement that “…the really sucessful immigrants to America have done so because they haven’t assimilated.”
Could you please offer some examples?
(Btw, “assimilation” to my mind does not mean that one forgets, ignores or denies one’s ethnic heritage but simply that the majority culture — WASP, to put it simply — is acknowledged as the predominant one. One becomes a Hyphenated-American.)
nic 12.14.04 at 8:56 pm
Nic, my reference to a “fatwa†was w.r.t. the Rushdie case.
I got that. But the murder of Van Gogh is not the Rushdie case. There’s no “they” because the people decreeing and supporting the fatwa against Rushdie and the person committing the murder are not the same. On the support for the murder, again, there was no official support from official representatives. If you think interviews you heard on NPR count more than that, then I guess there’s just nothing Muslim spokesmen can ever do or say that will be taken as genuine and positive. After all, they were just doing the obligatory “taking distance from” act, but deep down, we know they’re all itching to kill more Van Goghs.
No, that’s not stereotyping. I’m just using “they” to indicate a vague undefined quantity of Muslims which may or may not be fundamentalists…
It’s not you being typical, but the use of generalisations. It’s done at a much heavier level by the people who are supposedly only “overreacting”. The murder of Van Gogh becaome a pretext for the far right to indulge in more generalised ugly bashing. I don’t think we should ignore the existence of fundamentalists, but I don’t think we should ignore the existence of ugly racist bigots either. Again, both a tiny fraction of the whole, but I wouldn’t know which one is scarier. What I have a problem with is people glossing over that real, existing, ugly racism as a reaction, not as a fundamentalism in itself. Or worse, like VDH, finding tortuous ways to praise it as a kind of “waking up”. I’d like to ship all those people who “woke up” to Hanson’s ranch, let’s see how he likes them from a close distance. Too easy for him, when he doesn’t have to live with the reality of what he’s endorsing.
catfish 12.14.04 at 8:58 pm
Of course it does depend on what you mean by assimilation and what you think is the “essence” of American culture. I was not trying to romanitcize the Vietnamese immigrants or their cultural choices. From an economic standpoint, their immigration to America was probably their best bet. I was simply saying that assimilation was simply not an option for most of these first generation immigrants. The education and skills that they possessed before immigration are pretty useless because of a lack of English language skills and educational credentials that are not recognized in America. Thus, the only way for them to get ahead is to “stick together” by sharing expenses, pooling the wages from low paying, unskilled jobs, and participating in an informal economy of electronic repair or other such things. Now, you could argue that this is the essense of America, but many Americans disagree. Zoning ordinances that limit the number of unrelated people who can live in a house as well as attempts to keep people from doing things like handing their laundry outside (see Dale Maharidge’s _The Coming White Minority_ for examples) demonstrate that many Americans see assimilation as adopting the outward cultural practices of middle class Americans.
Historically, Jewish and Asian immigrants have been the most successful of the immigrant populations. In both cases this success is in part tracable to a bit of cultural separatism. This is particularly true because Jewish and Asian cultures have traditionally put a higher premium on education and entrepreneurship than native born Americans. Orthodox Jews are an extreme example of a group that values cultural seperatism that have suceeded economically.
The only immigrants who really have a hope of assimilating are middle class immigrants who have a good command of English.
Admittedly, this has little to do with the situation of Muslims in Europe, but I just wanted to point out that “assimilation” is not necessarily a requirement for economic sucess or peaceful coexistence.
aeon skoble 12.14.04 at 9:10 pm
“There’s no “they†because the people decreeing and supporting the fatwa against Rushdie and the person committing the murder are not the same.”
They’re not literally the same people, but they share the common properties I was intending to criticize, viz. a violently militant commmitment to religious beliefs which they interpret as a rationale for murdering “blasphemers,” where a blasphemer is anyone who says anything that might be construed as critical of Islam. That includes both Rushdie and Van Gogh, and hence my use of the plural pronoun.
“I don’t think we should ignore the existence of fundamentalists, but I don’t think we should ignore the existence of ugly racist bigots either.”
Right, but no one is defending the latter, whereas there is a tendency to give a free pass to the former in the name of cultural diversity. The murder of a filmmaker gets international press of course, but fundamentalist Islam is busy violating women’s rights every day. As commenter dr. mic noted above, the proper liberal response should be to condemn this, not make excuses for it. The murder victim, Van Gogh, was _not_ one of the ugly racist bigots you mention. But he was drawing attention to the extreme illiberalism of the fundamentalists.
ladder 12.14.04 at 9:40 pm
david Sucher:
” One becomes a Hyphenated-American”,
then your not a real american.
Either your with us or not. Pick one.
abb1 12.14.04 at 9:52 pm
fundamentalist Islam is busy violating women’s rights every day
Do you mean in Europe or in the Middle East? How do they do it in Europe?
Also, this is again something that may be different for us to ascertain objectively; Muslims may (and probably do) find our customs quite repugnant, things like pornography, sexually explicit commercials, etc. And if you think that the westerners don’t force their women to do things they don’t like, ask your wife or girlfriend if she realy enjoys performing fellatio.
Dr Mic 12.15.04 at 12:58 am
In response to ‘fundamentalist Islam is busy violating women’s rights every day’ Abbi states that
‘Do you mean in Europe or in the Middle East? How do they do it in Europe?’
How about sending kids off to Pakistan etc to be married against their wishes and being brought up as second class citizens.
ladder 12.15.04 at 1:26 am
dr mic:
So you should interfer with a families values?
If someone is kidnapped there is a crime, if they go along with the program, who are you to get involved?
LK 12.15.04 at 2:32 am
The EU cultures are, in general, dying. Fertility rates have fallen far below replacement. Please have some sympathy for them as they fade from the stream of history. Don’t expect them to go quietly into the night, however rational that might be. Minimizing unpleasantness for us — or for the Islamic peoples who seem likely to replace them — might not rank as a high priority for them.
David Sucher 12.15.04 at 3:00 am
Ladder:
I understand your point and you are quite right.
I was simply trying to explain that Hypenated-Americans — the Mayflower folks of New England, for example — still maintain interest in their ancestral homeland and identity with that ancestral culture.
They are foremost Americans but they have not forgotten where their forebears are buried.
David Sucher 12.15.04 at 5:32 am
And don’t miss
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/international/15letter.html?oref=login&hp
for (seems to me) conflation of issues.
Tom Doyle 12.15.04 at 7:04 am
Dear Ladder,
You wrote:
” ‘ One becomes a Hyphenated-American’,
then your not a real american.
Either your with us or not. Pick one.”
Some people here in the US choose to identify themselves, or think of themselves, as a ” ‘hyphenated’-American, as in Irish-American, Italian-American, Polish-American, African-American, French-Canadian-American, or whatever. How important the ethic association is in their lives varies, depending on choice and circumstances. They might belong to ethnic organizations, work in certain occupations, live in ethnic neighborhoods, etc, or not. They can be any number of generations removed from the landed ancestor(s) whose ethnicity is on the left side of the hyphen. The may have no ancestral connection with the old country themselves, but adopt their spouse’s.
And some people don’t regard themselves as hyphenated Americans. They may or may not do any of the things mentioned above. They may or may not have an interest wherever their forbears immigrated from, which might be one place, many places, or they might not know.
In my view, no matter what a person might think or do with respect to these matters, it reflects neither well nor poorly on his/her status as an American, or personal character.
I do not understand why you are disposed to disparage those in the former category, say they’re not “real Americans,” or otherwise think ill of them. Such a disposition is without basis or justification in my view. I assume your actions in society are guided by the attitudes you’ve expressed. To the extent they are, no good will come of them.
Now what may I ask, Ladder, what is a real American? Does anybody who doesn’t say s/he’s an Italian-American, or an African-American, or an Irish-American etc. qualify as your real American. If so, being a real American doesn’t mean much. But the thing is it doesn’t mean anything, at all. The term is a stranger to our Constitution and laws, as is the notion behind it.
You say “Either your with us or not. Pick one.” And who is “us,” Ladder, and by what authority do you get to pick who’s in or out. You have no such authority, there is no such thing as a real American; it is a notion you carry around in your own head, with no meaning, save what you give it, and to no one but yourself. And its only use, the only thing it does, is enable you to distance yourself from your compatriots, for no good reason.
So I decline your offer to “Pick one.” I have nothing to pick, and you have no warrant to demand that I or anyone else do so. It is for you to make the pick, Ladder, you who has the power of election, as we say in the law. Your choice is whether or not to persist in what I view as a ill-conceived delusion, at odds with the best traditions of our country.
I hope you give some thought to what I’ve written; I did give thought to the writing. Thank you for your comment, which provided me with the opportunity and motivation to reflect and comment upon a subject I regard as important.
All the best to you,
nic 12.15.04 at 9:29 am
aeon: the difference is not just that the ayatollahs declaring the fatwa against Rushdie and the murderer of Van Gogh are not literally the same people, the difference is there was no fatwa against Van Gogh. It was one individual murdering another individual. The fatwa on Rushdie was declared by leading religious authorities in Islam and was made applicable worldwide. Yes, in both cases the targets were chosen because of the belief they had blasphemed Islam, but if you can’t see the difference between one psychopath making that decision all by himself and an official religious declaration, I don’t know what to add. Also, the idea is certainly not that a blasphemere is “anyone who says anything that might be construed as critical of Islam”. That may apply to Rushdie, whose attack was on theological grounds, but Van Gogh? Needless to say, but just in case someone misunderstands, obviously no one deserves to be made a target for killing for any opinions, obviously it’s a crazy idea, whether it’s held by religious authorities or an individual, but Van Gogh went far beyond mere “criticism” or a literary-theological attack. Neither Van Gogh or Fortuyn were other Rushdies. Cases more similar to Rushdie’s are those involving Muslim writers attacking Islamic fundamentalists. Van Gogh’s and Fortuyn’s murder happened in a differnet context altogether. There’s both ordinary criticism and outright racism being poured out in public debate in the European press, politics, etc. and no one gets routinely murdered or fatwaed. It’s ridiculous to take those murders as proof that in Europe you can’t say boo about Islam without getting killed. We’d have mass graves already if it was so.
Right, but no one is defending the latter, whereas there is a tendency to give a free pass to the former in the name of cultural diversity.
Absolutely not true. Racism and bigotry _do_ get a free pass by those so inclined to excuse that mentality, it even gets into parliament, not just tabloids or far right groups. The BNP in Britain. Le Pen in France. Haider in Austria. The Northern League in Italy, which is in the government coalition. If you’ve never heard their pronouncements and campaigns and don’t have a clue what they say, well lucky you.
The murder of a filmmaker gets international press of course, but fundamentalist Islam is busy violating women’s rights every day. As commenter dr. mic noted above, the proper liberal response should be to condemn this, not make excuses for it. The murder victim, Van Gogh, was not one of the ugly racist bigots you mention. But he was drawing attention to the extreme illiberalism of the fundamentalists.
No one is making excuses for anything. Van Gogh went beyond “drawing attention”, again if you are not familiar with his pronouncements… That doesn’t change anything because the murder was a horrendous crazy thing, but we’re seeing right here in this thread the kind of apologism for racism that followed it. Mosques were set fire to, people were attacked, calls for bans on immigration and all the sort of religious/ethnic war talk that followed, yet that was “overreaction” to a crime? Please. Then, exploiting the “women’s rights” issue, or even gay rights, as if it was a concern for that kind of people who “ovverreacted”. It’s pathetic. Real fundamentalists and real racist bigots deserve each other, they’re just using the cover of legitimate issues for which they don’t care, as a tool for their bigotry. Meanwhile, the real debate over those issues is taking place elsewhere, in much more civilised tones and by drawing Muslim voices into it, but we don’t want to see civilised, we just want to see the barbarism (of the Muslim nutcases only, of course) so we can continue to talk of immigration itself as if it was a threat and an evil (and “the left”, the mythical left, as a proxy threat and evil for supposedly being in looove with fundamentalists). You really are not familiar with the context of this sort of thing in Europe. It’s all a projection game, like for Victor David Hanson, Europeans, European Muslims, just a tool to carry on with the usual tiresome refrain.
ladder 12.15.04 at 9:59 am
David:
Civic Nationalism isn’t that hard to understand. If anyone claimed to be Canadian-American, well where precisely is there loyalty, since they don’t know whose side there on.
Tom:
“I do not understand why you are disposed to disparage those in the former category, say they’re not “real Americans,†or otherwise think ill of them.”.
I’m not disparaging anyone.
Picking a side, is declaring your loyalty. For instance, Robert E. Lee famously said “First I am a Virginian”, therefore his loyalty is clear. His responsibilities to the US Republic are therefore secondary at best to Virginia.
I dont’ think ill of Mr. Lee, for being clear about where he stood.
“I assume your actions in society are guided by the attitudes you’ve expressed. To the extent they are, no good will come of them.”
What does goodness have to do with this? If someone is Norvegian that doesn’t make them good or evil. It makes them clear about there loyalties.
“Now what may I ask, Ladder, what is a real American? Does anybody who doesn’t say s/he’s an Italian-American, or an African-American, or an Irish-American etc. qualify as your real American.”
Actually No, because the US is based on civic nationalism. So there americanness isn’t based on culture. It’s based on citizenship.
“The term is a stranger to our Constitution and laws, as is the notion behind it.”
Then what were these things called slaves when G.Washington was president. Plenty of them were constructed in america. Thus shouldn’t they have been considered americans. Yet they weren’t.
Article 1, Clause 5:
“No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President;”, What were they afraid of exactly? I thought this thinking had no place in the constitution.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Why would they exclude people wanting only “freedom”? It isn’t called the nowegian exclusion act.
It’s specifically targeted to an alien people.
“It is for you to make the pick, Ladder, you who has the power of election, as we say in the law. Your choice is whether or not to persist in what I view as a ill-conceived delusion, at odds with the best traditions of our country.”
As to the power of election, that barely scratches the surface of citizenship. Afterall, how often do most people actually ever correspond with any elected/ appointed official.
Ethnic Nationalism isn’t a delusion, it is the natural state of human community. You are a member of a nation because you were born into it and the members owe there allegiance to you as you do to them.
ladder 12.15.04 at 10:24 am
lk:
Check out Table 3.
Compare Row 1205 to Row 1404.
Foreign Born women are more likely to have children and there the reason for the positive fertility rate.
Why don’t american women want to have children?
rob 12.15.04 at 11:11 am
Ladder,
if I am say I am Londoner, does that mean I can’t also be a Briton? No. People can and do hold multiple identities without necessarily involving themselves in conflicts of loyalty because those identities apply in different areas and at different levels. It seems to me that self-identifying hyphenated Americans (in a rather uninteresting sense, all Americans are hyphenated, apart from the American Indians) are maintaining a cultural identity which has fairly limited scope for conflict with some kind of patriotic loyalty to the US. Only a remarkably thick concept of citizenship, rejecting cultural pluralism out of hand, could rule out these people as citizens, which would a bad thing all by itself, and a particularly bad thing in a state as ethnically and culturally diverse as the US. I’m quite intrigued, I have to say, as to what you think is the core of Americanness, and how you think it conflicts with being hyphenated, especially since you say that it has something to do with citizenship, and nothing to do with culture. Surely hyphenated Americans are citizens, and since they are expressing a cultural allegiance, rather than an expressly political one, their hyphenation can’t obviously threaten that. Also, I think you need to be a bit more careful about ethnic nationalism: ethnicities are substanially created, and there is no obvious reason why your loyalties should be to people of the same ethnicity, rather than to people of the same class, or geographical location, or religion, or any number of other factors.
Tom Doyle 12.15.04 at 12:37 pm
If Senator Graham is sincerely worried about our lethal oversights and mistakes, he should examine the orthodoxies and policies that have precluded the according of special scrutiny to radical Islamists in mosques and religious schools across America. Most operated with impunity for decades under the exemptions provided by the false gods of “diversity†and “multiculturalism.â€
Political correctness was the main cause of 9/11??? It’s a rather extraordinary claim.
________________________________________
I expect Senator Graham has already “examinin[ed] the orthodoxies and policies that have precluded the according of special scrutiny to radical Islamists in mosques and religious schools across America†although he may not at the time thought of them in such terms, or realized he was communing with “false gods of ‘diversity’ and ‘multiculturalism.’ “
The “orthodoxies and policies†are located in the US constitution, most specifically in the first and fourteenth amendments. There also a supreme court case the history and nature of which is directly (and ironically) related to the subjects discussed on this thread.
“Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, 268 U.S. 510 (1925) was an important early 20th century United States Supreme Court decision recognizing a right to privacy… Under the influence of the Ku Klux Klan, the voters of Oregon passed a ballot measure in November 1922 which required all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend public schools… In a 9-0 decision, the Court declared the law violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.†(1)
“Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.
“Society of Sisters… has long devoted its property and effort to the secular and religious education and care of children, and has acquired the valuable good will of many parents and guardians. … In its primary schools many children between those ages are taught the subjects usually pursued in Oregon public schools during the first eight years. Systematic religious instruction and moral training according to the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church are also regularly provided.
[…]
“No question is raised concerning the power of the state reasonably to regulate all schools, to inspect, supervise and examine them, their teachers and pupils; to require that all children of proper age attend some school, that teachers shall be of good moral character and patriotic disposition, that certain studies plainly essential to good citizenship must be taught, and that nothing be taught which is manifestly inimical to the public welfare.
“The inevitable practical result of enforcing the act under consideration would be destruction of [Society of Sisters] … primary schools, and perhaps all other private primary schools …within the state of Oregon. [The Society of Sisters] are engaged in a kind of undertaking not inherently harmful, but long regarded as useful and meritorious. Certainly there is nothing in the present records to indicate that they have failed to discharge their obligations to patrons, students, or the state. And there are no peculiar circumstances or present emergencies which demand extraordinary measures relative to primary education.
“[W]e think it entirely plain that the Act …unreasonably interferes with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children …under their control. As often heretofore pointed out, rights guaranteed by the Constitution may not be abridged by legislation which has no reasonable relation to some purpose within the competency of the state. The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the state to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the state; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations.†(2)
“The case has been cited as a precedent in over 100 Supreme Court cases, including Roe v. Wade.†(3)
1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia accessed December 15, 2004 at URL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters
2. Pierce V. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary , 268 U.S. 510 (1925), Findlaw for Legal Professionals, accessed December 15, 2004 at URL http://laws.findlaw.com/us/268/510.html
3. Pierce, Wikipedia, supra note 1.
nic 12.15.04 at 1:52 pm
“Ethnic Nationalism isn’t a delusion, it is the natural state of human community.”
Heil, yeah! because the balkanic model is exactly what we should be looking at for inspiration. Let’s all play nationalist Serbs and Croatians and Albanians, it’s such a positive example of integration.
Who needs a new Demosthenes, when we can have new Milosevics?
james 12.15.04 at 2:52 pm
There is a fundamental difference between the US and Europe in the application of the word “assimilationâ€. In the US it implies that both the new members of society and the existing society change. This idea is the fundamental source of the “melting pot†myth. The amount of change on each side is largely left up to the people and not regulated at the government level. The major exception is that of the default language being English. Europe seems to use the word to imply only the new members change.
David Sucher 12.15.04 at 3:23 pm
Interesting point, James, though I am not sure if I agree that the way the term “assimilation” is used in the US is as you suggest (though I do not doubt the result).
When we (in the USA) speak of “assimilated Jews”, for instance, the emphasis is on how the new immigrants have adopted the language, customs, mores etc etc of America. How the majority culture has or has not changed is not part of the usage.
Nevertheless, the larger issue is clear: should immigrants be allowed to maintain a parallel cultural core with schools taught in their language, special courts for domestic issues etc etc OR should they be simultaneously invited to join the majority culture and discouraged from staying insular in their own? The US answer is clear and is, I believe, the one which Europe must adopt.
nic 12.15.04 at 4:45 pm
should immigrants be allowed to maintain a parallel cultural core with schools taught in their language, special courts for domestic issues
Like where? What specifically are you referring to?
I don’t know what you guys in the US read about Europe, I don’t know of any country where people immigrating from different nations just build entire separate provinces with separate legal and schooling systems. If anything, in education there is a heavier role of government and state institutions than private ones, so the system is even more the same for everyone than in the US. Among private schools, there are very very few religious schools in Europe that aren’t Christian and Catholic or Jewish. Muslims don’t have their own school system and don’t have their own legal system so there’s no such “allowed or not allowed” debate there. What people of any nationality and religion should always be allowed to do, in whatever country they choose to live, is to live according to any culture and beliefs they prefer. Why should I, if I move to the US, be forced to give up my native language, traditions, culture? By whom? The cultural police? Appointed by…. the National Review? I don’t know of anyone who had that experience when moving to America. In fact, because there are so many more immigrants or second and third-generation people with origins from all sorts of places, there are a lot more opportunities than in most of current Europe of being able to maintain your own background and, if you want (not everybody does), strong ties with a local community of people with your same background and native language, even when you move from your native country. The only thing that’s demanded of any citizen and any immigrant, whether they are citizens already or not yet, is compliance with the laws of that country they reside in. There’s nothing in a modern legal system that requires one culture, one religion, one ethnicity. I thought _that_ is what the US example can offer in positive terms.
ladder 12.15.04 at 6:25 pm
nic:
Actually, that’s my point.
If you define yourself(as a group) by your traditions, then you will inevitably run into conflict with those in your group who don’t follow them. Thus breaking up the artificial state of Yugoslavia was the correct thing to do, same goes the the Czechs and Slovaks.
Oh, and remember Milosovic was relatively tame in comparison to some of the others who could have had his job.
“I don’t know of anyone who had that experience when moving to America.” So people didn’t change their names at Ellis Island in order to fit in? Afterall, it shouldn’t matter if your name is Schmidt or Smith right?
ladder 12.15.04 at 6:48 pm
rob:
If you go to belfast and meet a friend, are you the londoner and the belfastian of the same people. You are both British, right? I don’t know, that’s for the both of you to decide, but traditionally the answer is no. Your english, s/he’s irish.
I’m not arguing something is right or wrong. Rather, that this is the default standard that you have to work with. That “WE” define ourselves by our traditions and blood. Just because you live nearby doesn’t mean we’re of the same people.
If you want to change that, then look up consent of the governed and all that.
However, the idea that the US is this paradise of civic virtue is nonsense. People have always defined americanness by the language and traditions. The myth of the melting pot is just that, a myth.
nic 12.15.04 at 7:19 pm
ladder: defining yourself by your tradition, as a group or individual, is *not* “ethnic nationalism”.
Thus breaking up the artificial state of Yugoslavia was the correct thing to do, same goes the the Czechs and Slovaks.
…
Oh, and remember Milosovic was relatively tame in comparison to some of the others who could have had his job.
Ditto as above.
That “WE†define ourselves by our traditions and blood
Blood, land, ethnic nationalism… well, well, you’ve definitely got some talent you could put to use there. You might be interested in a job position that’s just become available after they arrested the BNP leader. Good luck.
ladder 12.15.04 at 8:15 pm
nic:
“ladder: defining yourself by your tradition, as a group or individual, is not “ethnic nationalismâ€.”
Definition please.
That’s the real world.
I didn’t say I was for it but there it is.
Why don’t we all have a one-world goverment, afterall we’re all the same right?
As to the BNP (i assume British National Party), that’s actually a good example. What is British?
They try to make seem that they care but ultimately there just a bunch of racists/racialists.
To be British,you’d have to have something which was unique to british culture. Otherwise how are you different from a norwegian.
There policies seem to be just a form of darky-go-home and get out of our land. A nation is based on an affirmative position. We are this, we act like this; Not we are not this, we don’t act like that.
That’s just being against someone, that’s not nationbuilding.
Why are Everton fans so happy now?
Because there second in the table or because liverpool is many places
below them. If it’s the former, they might be everton supporters, if it’s the latter, they’re just liverpool-haters.
ladder 12.15.04 at 8:19 pm
Oh, by the way, This whole discussion started with VDH claim about the islamic-horde out to get us all…be afraid. :)
ladder 12.15.04 at 8:31 pm
nic:
Why doesn’t czechoslovakia exist anymore?
No one wanted to be a citizen or something?
Pols are Pols in Poland because of there ethnicity not civics.
nic 12.15.04 at 9:00 pm
ladder, you’ve completely lost me by now.
No one was talking of one world governments (please…). What I meant by group identity not being ethnic nationalism is obvious.
Everyone is born into a language, culture, probably religion, ethnicity, group, nation, etc. (not to mention in every nation people have different religions and more regional identities and so on, so those things intersect). When you move to a different country, there’s nothing wrong in keeping that identity even, if you like and are so inclined, by having strong ties with a community of people who like you come from the same place and origins etc. Even American expatriates do that. It does not exclude being a part of the new nation at all. We’re all individuals and we all also have some group identity, some we’re born into, some we choose. Some people are more into group identity, some less. Some immigrants like to stick together more, some like it less. But usually, whenever there is significant immigration, that sticking together does happen. To go from this sort of ordinary phenomenon of immigration – the creation of local communities – to _ethnic nationalism_ takes a big step in a political direction that is never benign. Of course if you’re British you have a different background from a Norwegian, though, it’s not like it’s two opposite parts of the globe, it’s still Europe. But yes, obviously nationality and language make for significant differences even within a common area. That simple fact does not make you an ethnic nationalist! Irish or Italian or Hispanic or Asian or Arab or Muslim communities in the US or UK or Europe, they are not ethnic nationalism. The history of the Balkans has been so screwed up because of ethnic nationalisms, not by the mere fact there were different ethnic and/or religious groups, but by the fanaticism and political, ideological exploitation of that fanaticism.
There is no benign form of ethnic nationalism – unless by benign nationalism we mean things like traditions and group identity, but that’s a misuse of the word “nationalism”. It’s a word that already implies a fanatical belief, whereas tradition and culture are the basic stuff we all grow up with and they are _not_ inherently matters of conflict at all – until people _decide_ to make them so. European history is packed with examples of precisely that.
ladder 12.15.04 at 9:01 pm
In case anyone still paying attention.
Apparently to be an american you must be able to read, write, and speak basic English.
ladder 12.15.04 at 10:24 pm
nic:
What are you?
Since doesn’t define you. What are your people, how are you what ever you are?
By this logic, someone living in london with a british passport, speaking only spanish, eating only spanish food, following only spanish traditions is what?British?
As to the benignness of nationalism,
that’s irrelevant. What are the UCKif not a national liberation movement for the Kosavars of Albanian extraction.
Are they basing their identity on some sort of individualism or on their group (national) identity?
How do i know someone is Albanian,Turkish, or Greek? If not from the ethnic identity?
nic 12.16.04 at 9:30 am
By this logic, someone living in london with a british passport, speaking only spanish, eating only spanish food, following only spanish traditions is what?British?
British passport means British citizenship. So yeah, this theoretical person would be British, as well as unemployed and homeless and penniless. How the hell could anyone survive in London without speaking a word of English and yet have enough money to buy only Spanish food and eat at Spanish restaurants and manage to get citizenship in the first place? It’s impossible. Even if it was only for the paperwork.
No one is arguing against the requirement to speak the language for acquiring _citizenship_ anyway. What does that have to do with ethnic _nationalism_, I have no idea.
Your comments are so incoherent I don’t even know what or who you are arguing with by now.
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